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    "tStartMs": 6949,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Imagine you're watching a runaway trolley\nbarreling down the tracks"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "straight towards five workers\nwho can't escape."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 15961,
    "dDurationMs": 2218,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You happen to be standing next to a switch"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18179,
    "dDurationMs": 3501,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that will divert the trolley\nonto a second track."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Here's the problem."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That track has a worker on it, too,\nbut just one."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 28069,
    "dDurationMs": 1321,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What do you do?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 29390,
    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Do you sacrifice one person to save five?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 32685,
    "dDurationMs": 2729,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is the trolley problem,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35414,
    "dDurationMs": 6689,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a version of an ethical dilemma that\nphilosopher Philippa Foot devised in 1967."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3268,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's popular because it forces us\nto think about how to choose"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 45371,
    "dDurationMs": 2689,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "when there are no good choices."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 48060,
    "dDurationMs": 2140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Do we pick the action \nwith the best outcome"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 50200,
    "dDurationMs": 5200,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or stick to a moral code that prohibits\ncausing someone's death?"
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    "dDurationMs": 5437,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In one survey, about 90% of respondents\nsaid that it's okay to flip the switch,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 60837,
    "dDurationMs": 3413,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "letting one worker die to save five,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 64250,
    "dDurationMs": 4350,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and other studies, including a virtual\nreality simulation of the dilemma,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 68600,
    "dDurationMs": 2440,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have found similar results."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5021,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These judgments are consistent with the\nphilosophical principle of utilitarianism"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which argues that \nthe morally correct decision"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is the one that maximizes well-being\nfor the greatest number of people."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The five lives outweigh one,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even if achieving that outcome requires\ncondemning someone to death."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But people don't always take\nthe utilitarian view,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93471,
    "dDurationMs": 3591,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which we can see by changing\nthe trolley problem a bit."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97062,
    "dDurationMs": 3241,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This time, you're standing on a bridge\nover the track"
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    "tStartMs": 100303,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as the runaway trolley approaches."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 103192,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now there's no second track,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but there is a very large man \non the bridge next to you."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you push him over, \nhis body will stop the trolley,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 112492,
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      "utf8": "saving the five workers,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but he'll die."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To utilitarians, \nthe decision is exactly the same,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "lose one life to save five."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in this case, only about 10% of people"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124584,
    "dDurationMs": 3869,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "say that it's OK to throw the man\nonto the tracks."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128453,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Our instincts tell us that deliberately\ncausing someone's death"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is different than allowing them to die\nas collateral damage."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136303,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It just feels wrong for reasons\nthat are hard to explain."
    } ]
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    "tStartMs": 140953,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This intersection between ethics\nand psychology"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is what's so interesting \nabout the trolley problem."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The dilemma in its many variations reveal\nthat what we think is right or wrong"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "depends on factors other than \na logical weighing of the pros and cons."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, men are more likely\nthan women"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to say it's okay to push the man\nover the bridge."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So are people who watch a comedy clip\nbefore doing the thought experiment."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And in one virtual reality study,"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "people were more willing \nto sacrifice men than women."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Researchers have studied \nthe brain activity"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of people thinking through the classic\nand bridge versions."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Both scenarios activate areas of the brain\ninvolved in conscious decision-making"
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      "utf8": "and emotional responses."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in the bridge version,\nthe emotional response is much stronger."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So is activity in an area of the brain"
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "associated with processing \ninternal conflict."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 196884,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Why the difference?"
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      "utf8": "One explanation is that pushing someone\nto their death feels more personal,"
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      "utf8": "activating an emotional aversion\nto killing another person,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but we feel conflicted because we know\nit's still the logical choice."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "\"Trolleyology\" has been criticized by some\nphilosophers and psychologists."
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      "utf8": "They argue that it doesn't reveal anything\nbecause its premise is so unrealistic"
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      "utf8": "that study participants \ndon't take it seriously."
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      "utf8": "But new technology is making this kind\nof ethical analysis"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, driver-less cars \nmay have to handle choices"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like causing a small accident\nto prevent a larger one."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Meanwhile, governments are researching\nautonomous military drones"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that could wind up making decisions of\nwhether they'll risk civilian casualties"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to attack a high-value target."
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    "segs": [ {
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      "utf8": "are collaborating with philosophers"
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      "utf8": "to address the complex problem\nof programming ethics into machines,"
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