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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 864,
    "dDurationMs": 3924,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[Music] Warning, there are ideas in this video \nthat you may not be able to unsee."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 4788,
    "dDurationMs": 4332,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There are many ways to draw the moon incorrectly, but this \nvideo isn't just about pedantically correcting  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 9120,
    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "children's books and animated movies, though it \nat least partially is. Here's the thing. The moon  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 13760,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is up there for any of us to look at, basically \nas much as we want. And yet, the proliferation of  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17600,
    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "incorrect illustrations of the moon suggests \nthat very few of us actually do. I shouldn't  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22240,
    "dDurationMs": 5520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "need to make this video, but I guess here it is. \nMistake number one is showing the outside of the  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27760,
    "dDurationMs": 4960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "crescent moon as anything other than half of a \ncircle. This isn't a realistic moon. I kind of  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 32720,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "get this one. When I think of a crescent moon, \nI kind of just imagine taking an arbitrary arc  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 36640,
    "dDurationMs": 5120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and drawing another arc either outside or inside \nof it. But the moon is a sphere and half of it is  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 41760,
    "dDurationMs": 3760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "illuminated by the sun. And when you look at a \nhalf illuminated sphere from different angles,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 45520,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the opposite points of the crescent are always on \nopposite points of the sphere. And the same thing  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 49440,
    "dDurationMs": 4160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "applies for gibbous moons where you can instead \nthink of the dark part as the crescent. Okay,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53600,
    "dDurationMs": 3760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "technically speaking, the points are only exactly \nopposite if you're infinitely far away from the  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 57360,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "sphere. And if you're somewhat closer, then the \ncrescent won't quite reach the poles. And non-  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61600,
    "dDurationMs": 5040,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "halfcircle moon related shapes can form, but \nonly during an eclipse. A shortened crescent  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 66640,
    "dDurationMs": 3520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "moon can appear during a lunar eclipse when \nthe dark part is the Earth's shadow covering  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 70160,
    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the moon. And an elongated crescent sun can appear \nduring a solar eclipse where the moon is the dark  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 74800,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "part. The ultimate point is in any realistic moon \nillustration, the outer unobstructed portion of  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 79600,
    "dDurationMs": 4560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the moon will always be half a circle so that the \npoints of the crescent are opposite each other.  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 84160,
    "dDurationMs": 4480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Mistake number two is the big one. Showing \nstars inside the crescent of the moon. The  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 88640,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "moon is a solid rocky sphere and the crescent is \nthe illuminated part of the sphere. Just because  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 92880,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the dark part isn't lit up doesn't mean you can \nsee through it. I get the artistic desire to put  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97120,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "something there. It's a nice negative space \nbeautifully framed by the thin crescent. But  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101120,
    "dDurationMs": 3680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "stars are farther away than the moon, so they'll \nbe blocked by it. If you want to put something  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104800,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "inside the crescent, use something that wouldn't \nbe blocked from sight by the moon, like a cloud,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 108880,
    "dDurationMs": 4320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or firefly, or the International Space Station. Or \nhow about the rest of the moon illuminated from  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113200,
    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Earth shine, but no stars inside the moon's disc, \nunless you're illustrating a sci-fi future where  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118080,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we've colonized the moon and the twinkles aren't \nstars, but are actually lights from cities. That  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122080,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is acceptable. Mistake number three is about the \nmoon's orientation and placement. The sun lights  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126880,
    "dDurationMs": 3600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "up the moon. So, the bright part of the moon, \nwhether crescent or gibbous, should always point  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 130480,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "towards the sun. And we see a fuller moon when the \nmoon is on the opposite side of the sun from Earth  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134720,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and a thinner crescent when the moon is between \nthe Earth and the Sun. So in an illustration,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138720,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the fuller the moon, the farther away from the \nsun it should be. And the thinner the crescent,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142640,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the closer to the sun. In fact, the thinnest new \nmoon crescent rise and set almost in tandem with  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147440,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the sun. Which brings us to number four, the \nmistake of having the moon only come out at  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 151680,
    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "night. It's true that a full moon is full because \nit's opposite the sun in the sky. So a full moon  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 156560,
    "dDurationMs": 4400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "always comes out at sunset, stays up all night, \nand goes away at sunrise. But a crescent moon is  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 160960,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a crescent because it's in the same part of the \nsky as the sun. So it moves along with the sun,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 165200,
    "dDurationMs": 4160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "rising near dawn, staying up during the \nday, and setting near sunset. In this case,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169360,
    "dDurationMs": 5760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "moonrise is sunrise, and moonset is sunset. \nAnd a half moon will be 90° away from the sun,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 175120,
    "dDurationMs": 4560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "spending part of its time out at night and part \nof it during the day. Mistake number five is  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 179680,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "having the moon in the wrong orientation for the \nlocation on Earth. Because the moon's orbit is  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183760,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "approximately aligned with the Earth's equator, an \napproximately horizontally pointing crescent only  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 188480,
    "dDurationMs": 4400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "happens when you're standing on top of the Earth \nnear the poles, while a cup-like crescent happens  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192880,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "near the equator, where you've rotated yourself \n90° relative to the Earth's axis. It also works  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197680,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the other way around. This photo of the Earth was \ntaken as the Apollo spacecraft traveled along the  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 201600,
    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "moon's equator. And here, the Earth's crescent \npoints vertically, not horizontally. Anyway,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 206240,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "intermediate latitudes get intermediate angles, \nand the angles also vary a bit by the seasons. The  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210960,
    "dDurationMs": 5200,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Lion King has a great example of mistakes 1, four, \nand five all combined. The crescent moon above  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 216160,
    "dDurationMs": 4960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Pride Rock is one, way too elongated and looks \nmore like the shape of a solar eclipse. Four,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 221120,
    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it shows a thin horizontal pointing crescent \nmoon out in the middle of the night rather  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 224480,
    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "than moving in tandem with the sun and setting \nnear sunset. And we can tell this scene is well  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 227840,
    "dDurationMs": 4560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "past sunset because of how many stars are visible \nand the lack of a colored after sunset glow. The  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232400,
    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "illuminated portion of the moon implies the sun \nshould be on this line here about 40 to 50° away,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 237280,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which puts the sun so close to the horizon \nthat we should still be in twilight. And five,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 241360,
    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the crescent moon is pointed horizontally, much \nlike the way the crescent moon would look in,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244720,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "say, North America, where the film was made. \nBut the movie is set in equatorial Africa,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248640,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where a crescent moon is oriented more like a cup. \nPlus, when oriented vertically like this, the sun  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252640,
    "dDurationMs": 4160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would be down here, far enough below the horizon \nto be past twilight and into proper nighttime,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 256800,
    "dDurationMs": 4160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "justifying the dark sky and the stars. Here's what \nthe moon should probably look like in that scene  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 260960,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in case they ever decide to do another remake. If \nyou're a Disney animator or just any human being,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 265760,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "here's a trick to always know what the moon \nlooks like right now. Take a ball outside on  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 269600,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a sunny day, hold it out in the same direction \nthe moon is from you, and the way it's lit from  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 273680,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "your perspective will show you what phase the \nmoon is in and what that phase looks like. It's  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 277600,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that simple. And even if you can't see the moon, \nyou can use an augmented reality astronomy app  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 281840,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to tell you where it should be, and you'll still \nget the right moon phase. P.S. Jupiter's stripes  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 286560,
    "dDurationMs": 4320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are also only horizontal when viewed from near \nthe poles on Earth. If you're near the equator,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 290880,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they'll look vertical, just like how the moon \nturns into a cup. Just something to keep in mind  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 294720,
    "dDurationMs": 5120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the next time you're illustrating Jupiter in the \nsky of a tropical animated film. Thanks to Minute  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 299840,
    "dDurationMs": 4560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Physics Patreon supporters for making my work \npossible. Head to patreon.com/minutysics to become  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 304400,
    "dDurationMs": 3114,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a supporter and see a special behind-the-scenes \nlook at the making of this [Music]"
    } ]
  } ]
}