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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You’re sure you know\nyour third grade teacher’s name—"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it’s like you’re hovering over it\nin your mind,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2461,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it just won’t materialize."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Researchers call this tantalizing\ntorment a “tip-of-the-tongue state,”"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it's something everyone experiences."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what's actually happening\nwhen a word gets caught here?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And how can you best get it unstuck?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Most of the time, our brains\nseamlessly summon words"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 33404,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from vast stores of knowledge,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35656,
    "dDurationMs": 4046,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "paring their meaning and sounds,\nand stringing them into sentences."
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    "dDurationMs": 4171,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in a tip-of-the-tongue moment,\nthis retrieval process derails,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and there's the sensation\nof remembering the word"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 47502,
    "dDurationMs": 2085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but the struggle to recall it."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In these moments,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "on top of the usual brain activity\nassociated with word retrieval,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we also see other brain regions light up,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58012,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like the conflict-detecting\nanterior cingulate,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61224,
    "dDurationMs": 2919,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which generates that urgently\nfrustrating feeling."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's unclear whether the target\nword is directly detected"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and just not successfully recalled,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or associations are simply helping\nthe brain infer that it has the word."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The reality could also be some\ncombination of these hypotheses."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the experience is pretty consistent"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83162,
    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with how psycholinguistic theorists think"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 85873,
    "dDurationMs": 3337,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we mentally organize\nlanguage-related information,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89252,
    "dDurationMs": 4087,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "going from the word's meaning\nand associations to how it sounds."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93589,
    "dDurationMs": 4547,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some researchers think that the last layer\nof information— sound—"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98136,
    "dDurationMs": 3169,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "might be the most vulnerable to glitches."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101806,
    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Lots of things seem to influence\nhow likely you are"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105101,
    "dDurationMs": 2044,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to enter a tip-of-the-tongue state,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 107228,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all the way from what kinds\nof words are involved,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109856,
    "dDurationMs": 2794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to your experiences and environment."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 112859,
    "dDurationMs": 5088,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, tip-of-the-tongue states\noccur most frequently with proper nouns,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118281,
    "dDurationMs": 4963,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "infrequently used words, and ones\nthat are more abstract and less visual,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123244,
    "dDurationMs": 2753,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like “idiosyncrasy” or “revelation.”"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126455,
    "dDurationMs": 5339,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Cognitively, recognizing a face and\nassociating it with general information,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131794,
    "dDurationMs": 5839,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like someone’s profession, is often easy,\nwhile names tend to trip us up."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138050,
    "dDurationMs": 4463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And retrieval of unintended words\nis also a common problem."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142680,
    "dDurationMs": 3879,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Like if you’re trying to summon the star\nof “The Wizard of Oz’s” name"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146726,
    "dDurationMs": 4629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and keep getting stuck on Dorothy\ninstead of Judy Garland."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 151814,
    "dDurationMs": 2753,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In these situations,\nthe words seem to work"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 154567,
    "dDurationMs": 5255,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as distracting, red herring-like blockers\nin the retrieval pathway."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3253,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And one study found that stressful\ntest conditions"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 163492,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "made participants report more \ntip-of-the-tongue experiences,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 167538,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "suggesting that environmental conditions,\nincluding stress, can exacerbate them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But some people tend to have more\ntip-of-the-tongue moments than others."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This seems to be true for people\nwho speak multiple languages—"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "perhaps because they know more\nthan one word to describe the same thing."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So a word in one language\nmight become an interfering blocker"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for the target word in another."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This seems to be especially true when\nsomeone’s switching between languages—"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it might also depend on their fluency:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200613,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "one study suggested that people\nwho learned their second language"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203950,
    "dDurationMs": 1584,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "before age five"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205534,
    "dDurationMs": 2461,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "had fewer tip-of-the-tongue stumbles."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And sometimes even just hearing\na language participants didn’t know"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212458,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "has proven to be enough to increase\ntheir tip-of-the-tongue incidents."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They also seem to rise with age,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 219090,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "perhaps from a cognitive decline\nin speech-related brain areas,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 223261,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "greater accumulation of knowledge\nto search through,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 226264,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or a combination of both."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229183,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But while tip-of-the-tongue states\nmay feel like the brain is failing,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 233896,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they seem to have a positive function."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Words don't usually go\npast the point of no return"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 240278,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and get permanently forgotten"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242405,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so much as they tend to get tougher\nto access."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That tough-to-shake,\ntip-of-the-tongue feeling"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of impending success just around\nthe corner"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252707,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may help motivate us and make us\nmore likely to remember."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And researchers have observed that\nparticipants in tip-of-the-tongue states"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are more likely to spend more time\nand effort searching for answers."
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      "utf8": "One method for getting something\noff the tip of your tongue is cueing."
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      "utf8": "This means leaning into the clues\nyour brain surfaces,"
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    "tStartMs": 275938,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like associated memories and letters."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, if you're trying\nto remember the name of the ancient city"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the legendary Hanging Gardens,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you might recall they’re one of the\nSeven Wonders of the Ancient World"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 290536,
    "dDurationMs": 3378,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and run through the alphabet\nto see if any letters stand out."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Because tip-of-the-tongue moments\ndon’t seem to be just your brain babbling,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but perhaps trying to jog\nits own extensive memory,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where your third grade teacher’s name\nis surely stored... somewhere."
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