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      "utf8": "Socrates, one of the founding fathers\nof Western philosophical thought,"
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      "utf8": "Many Athenians believed \nhe was a dangerous enemy of the state,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "accusing the philosopher\nof corrupting the youth"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and refusing to recognize their gods."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "However, Socrates wasn’t feared \nfor claiming to have all the answers,"
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      "utf8": "but rather, for asking too many questions."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While he loathed formal lectures,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the philosopher frequently\nengaged friends and strangers"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in lengthy conversations\nabout morality and society."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These discussions weren’t debates,\nnor would Socrates offer explicit advice."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, the philosopher often claimed\nto know nothing at all,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "responding to his partner's answers\nonly with further questions."
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      "utf8": "But through this process, \nSocrates probed their logic,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "revealing its flaws and helping both\nparties reach a more robust understanding."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These insightful questions made Socrates\nbeloved by his followers."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Two of his students, Plato and Xenophon,\nwere so inspired"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that they replicated their mentor’s \nprocess in fictional dialogues."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These invented exchanges\nprovide perfect examples"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of what would come to be known \nas the Socratic Method."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In one of these fabricated dialogues,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Socrates is conversing with \na young man named Euthydemus,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Socrates probes the student’s values\nby asking him to label actions"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Euthydemus confidently categorizes\nthem as injustices,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but this only prompts another question:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is it just for a general to deceive\nor pillage a hostile army?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Euthydemus revises his assertion."
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      "utf8": "He claims that these actions \nare just when done to enemies,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and unjust when done to friends."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But Socrates isn’t finished."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He asks the young man to consider \na commander lying to his troops"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to boost their morale."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Before long, Euthydemus is despondent."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It seems that every answer\nleads to further problems,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and perhaps he’s not quite sure\nwhat constitutes justice after all."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In employing this\nquestion-oriented approach,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Socrates described himself as a midwife,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "whose inquiries assist others\nin giving birth to their ideas."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "His method of questioning draws out an\nindividual’s unexamined assumptions,"
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      "utf8": "and then challenges those biases."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It doesn't always provide\ndefinitive answers,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but the method helps clarify the questions"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and eliminate contradictory \nor circular logic."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And by following a line of inquiry \nwhere it logically leads,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "both the question asker and answerer\ncan end up in unexpected places."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This technique isn’t limited \nby the conversation’s content,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making it incredibly useful\nin numerous fields."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "During the Renaissance, the method was\nused to teach clinical medicine."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Students proposed their rationale\nfor different diagnoses,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while a doctor questioned their\nassumptions and moderated discussion."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In this model, the method could even\nproduce conclusive results."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This same approach was later used\nin other sciences,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "such as astronomy, botany, \nand mathematics."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Following the Protestant Reformation,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it was adapted to tackle abstract\nquestions of faith."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the 19th century, the method \nbecame an essential part"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of American legal education."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Professors explored students’ \nunderstanding of judicial reasoning"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by challenging them with unforeseen\nhypothetical situations."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This approach is still used today\nby the Supreme Court"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to imagine the unintended impacts \nof passing a law."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Socratic Method can be adapted \nto teach almost any topic"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that relies on critical reasoning,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but its success depends on the teacher \nemploying it."
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may not have been \nthe most subtle Socratic teacher."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Historians believe he was deeply critical\nof Athens’ particular brand of democracy,"
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      "utf8": "and known to pass those concerns\nonto his followers."
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and thought to have inspired \ntwo of his pupils to treasonous ends."
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      "utf8": "It was likely for these ideas\nSocrates was brought to trial,"
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But even on his deathbed, artists depict\na serene philosopher—"
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