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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 6666,
    "dDurationMs": 3760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Scientists work on the boundaries of \nthe unknown,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 10426,
    "dDurationMs": 5270,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where every new piece of knowledge \nforms a path into a void of uncertainty."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 15696,
    "dDurationMs": 2230,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And nothing is more uncertain–"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17926,
    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or potentially enlightening– \nthan a paradox."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 21286,
    "dDurationMs": 1090,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Throughout history,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22376,
    "dDurationMs": 3710,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "paradoxes have threatened to \nundermine everything we know,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26086,
    "dDurationMs": 4610,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and just as often, they’ve reshaped our \nunderstanding of the world."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30699,
    "dDurationMs": 3700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Today, one of the biggest paradoxes in \nthe universe"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34399,
    "dDurationMs": 5490,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "threatens to unravel the fields of general\nrelativity and quantum mechanics:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39889,
    "dDurationMs": 3210,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the black hole information paradox."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 43099,
    "dDurationMs": 1840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To understand this paradox,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 44939,
    "dDurationMs": 3500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we first need to define what we mean\nby \"information.\""
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 48439,
    "dDurationMs": 4300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Typically, the information we talk about \nis visible to the naked eye."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 52739,
    "dDurationMs": 820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53559,
    "dDurationMs": 5030,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this kind of information tells us that \nan apple is red, round, and shiny."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58589,
    "dDurationMs": 4390,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But physicists are more concerned with \nquantum information."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62979,
    "dDurationMs": 4950,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This refers to the quantum properties of \nall the particles that make up that apple,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67929,
    "dDurationMs": 3186,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "such as their position, velocity and spin."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 71115,
    "dDurationMs": 2680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Every object in the universe is composed"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 73795,
    "dDurationMs": 3990,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of particles with unique \nquantum properties."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77785,
    "dDurationMs": 5280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This idea is evoked most significantly \nin a vital law of physics:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83069,
    "dDurationMs": 5100,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the total amount of quantum information\nin the Universe must be conserved."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 88169,
    "dDurationMs": 3267,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even if you destroy an object beyond \nrecognition,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 91436,
    "dDurationMs": 3790,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "its quantum information is never \npermanently deleted."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 95226,
    "dDurationMs": 3050,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And theoretically, knowledge of that \ninformation"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98276,
    "dDurationMs": 4290,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would allow us to recreate the object \nfrom its particle components."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102566,
    "dDurationMs": 3587,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Conservation of information isn’t just an \narbitrary rule,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 106153,
    "dDurationMs": 4790,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but a mathematical necessity, upon which \nmuch of modern science is built."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110943,
    "dDurationMs": 4574,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But around black holes, \nthose foundations get shaken."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115517,
    "dDurationMs": 2318,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When an apple enters a black hole,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117835,
    "dDurationMs": 2480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it seems as though it leaves the universe,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120315,
    "dDurationMs": 4010,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and all its quantum information \nbecomes irretrievably lost."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124325,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "However, this doesn’t immediately \nbreak the laws of physics."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128245,
    "dDurationMs": 2130,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The information is out of sight,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 130375,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it might still exist within the \nblack hole’s mysterious void."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134615,
    "dDurationMs": 2677,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Alternatively, some theories suggest"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 137292,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that information doesn’t even make it\ninside the black hole at all."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 141292,
    "dDurationMs": 3490,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Seen from outside, it’s as if the apple’s \nquantum information"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144782,
    "dDurationMs": 5510,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is encoded on the surface layer of the\nblack hole, called the event horizon."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 150292,
    "dDurationMs": 2240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As the black hole’s mass increases,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 152532,
    "dDurationMs": 3290,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the surface of the event horizon \nincreases as well."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 155822,
    "dDurationMs": 3540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So it’s possible that as a black hole \nswallows an object,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 159362,
    "dDurationMs": 4737,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it also grows large enough to conserve\nthe object’s quantum information."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164099,
    "dDurationMs": 4920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But whether information is conserved \ninside the black hole or on its surface,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169019,
    "dDurationMs": 2865,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the laws of physics remain intact–"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171884,
    "dDurationMs": 3520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "until you account for Hawking Radiation."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 175404,
    "dDurationMs": 3210,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Discovered by Stephen Hawking in 1974,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178614,
    "dDurationMs": 4410,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this phenomenon shows that black \nholes are gradually evaporating."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183024,
    "dDurationMs": 2470,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Over incredibly long periods of time"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 185494,
    "dDurationMs": 5300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "black holes lose mass as they shed \nparticles away from their event horizons."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 190794,
    "dDurationMs": 3270,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Critically, it seems as though the \nevaporating particles"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 194064,
    "dDurationMs": 3640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are unrelated to the information \nthe black hole encodes–"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197704,
    "dDurationMs": 4540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "suggesting that a black hole and all the\nquantum information it contains"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202244,
    "dDurationMs": 2880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "could be completely erased."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205124,
    "dDurationMs": 3000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Does that quantum information \ntruly disappear?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208124,
    "dDurationMs": 2330,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If not, where does it go?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210454,
    "dDurationMs": 3700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While the evaporation process \nwould take an incredibly long time,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214154,
    "dDurationMs": 3930,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the questions it raises for physics \nare far more urgent."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 218084,
    "dDurationMs": 1580,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The destruction of information"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 219664,
    "dDurationMs": 4590,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would force us to rewrite some of our most\nfundamental scientific paradigms."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 224254,
    "dDurationMs": 2050,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But fortunately, in science,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 226304,
    "dDurationMs": 4750,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "every paradox is an opportunity \nfor new discoveries."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 231054,
    "dDurationMs": 3885,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Researchers are investigating a broad \nrange of possible solutions"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234939,
    "dDurationMs": 1835,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to the Information Paradox."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1290,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some have theorized"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238064,
    "dDurationMs": 3960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that information actually is encoded \nin the escaping radiation,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242024,
    "dDurationMs": 2900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in some way we can’t yet understand."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244924,
    "dDurationMs": 3590,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Others have suggested the paradox is \njust a misunderstanding"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248524,
    "dDurationMs": 4070,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of how general relativity and \nquantum field theory interact."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252594,
    "dDurationMs": 910,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Respectively,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 253504,
    "dDurationMs": 4810,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "these two theories describe the largest\nand smallest physical phenomena,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 258314,
    "dDurationMs": 2630,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and they’re notoriously \ndifficult to combine."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 260944,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some researchers argue that a solution\nto this and many other paradoxes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 265314,
    "dDurationMs": 3767,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "will come naturally with a “unified \ntheory of everything.”"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But perhaps the most mind-bending \ntheory to come from exploring this paradox"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 273801,
    "dDurationMs": 2240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is the holographic principle."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 276041,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Expanding on the idea that the 2D \nsurface of an event horizon"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 279881,
    "dDurationMs": 1870,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "can store quantum information,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 281751,
    "dDurationMs": 4800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this principle suggests that the very \nboundary of the observable universe"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 286551,
    "dDurationMs": 3999,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is also a 2D surface encoded \nwith information"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 290550,
    "dDurationMs": 2890,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about real, 3D objects."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 293440,
    "dDurationMs": 3910,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If this is true, it’s possible that \nreality as we know it"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 297350,
    "dDurationMs": 4030,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is just a holographic \nprojection of that information."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 301380,
    "dDurationMs": 4450,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If proven, any of these theories would \nopen up new questions to explore,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 305830,
    "dDurationMs": 3260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while still preserving our current \nmodels of the universe."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 309090,
    "dDurationMs": 3190,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But it’s also possible that those \nmodels are wrong!"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 312280,
    "dDurationMs": 4356,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Either way, this paradox has already \nhelped us take another step"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "into the unknown."
    } ]
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