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    "tStartMs": 9218,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is the microraptor,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 12554,
    "dDurationMs": 4506,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a carnivorous four-winged dinosaur\nthat was almost two-feet long,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17060,
    "dDurationMs": 1211,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "ate fish,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18271,
    "dDurationMs": 2938,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and lived about 120 million years ago."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 21209,
    "dDurationMs": 4967,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Most of what we know about it\ncomes from fossils that look like this."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26176,
    "dDurationMs": 3794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, is its coloration here \njust an artist's best guess?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 29970,
    "dDurationMs": 2316,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The answer is no."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 32286,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We know this shimmering \nblack color is accurate"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35414,
    "dDurationMs": 5194,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because paleontologists have analyzed\nclues contained within the fossil."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 40608,
    "dDurationMs": 4220,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But making sense of the evidence\nrequires careful examination of the fossil"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 44828,
    "dDurationMs": 5203,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and a good understanding of the physics\nof light and color."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 50031,
    "dDurationMs": 3661,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "First of all, here's what we actually see\non the fossil:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53692,
    "dDurationMs": 4694,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "imprints of bones and feathers that have\nleft telltale mineral deposits."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58386,
    "dDurationMs": 1444,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And from those imprints,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 59830,
    "dDurationMs": 2606,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we can determine that these \nmicroraptor feathers"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62436,
    "dDurationMs": 5136,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "were similar to modern dinosaur,\nas in bird, feathers."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67572,
    "dDurationMs": 3665,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what gives birds their signature\ndiverse colorations?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 71237,
    "dDurationMs": 4590,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Most feathers contain just one\nor two dye-like pigments."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75827,
    "dDurationMs": 2576,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The cardinal's bright red\ncomes from carotenoids,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78403,
    "dDurationMs": 3006,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the same pigments \nthat make carrots orange,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 81409,
    "dDurationMs": 2336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while the black of its face\nis from melanin,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83745,
    "dDurationMs": 3283,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the pigment that colors our hair and skin."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87028,
    "dDurationMs": 3434,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in bird feathers,\nmelanin isn't simply a dye."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90462,
    "dDurationMs": 3692,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It forms hollow nanostructures\ncalled melanosomes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 94154,
    "dDurationMs": 3113,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which can shine in all the colors\nof the rainbow."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97267,
    "dDurationMs": 1921,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To understand how that works,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99188,
    "dDurationMs": 2478,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it helps to remember \nsome things about light."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101666,
    "dDurationMs": 5269,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Light is basically a tiny electromagnetic\nwave traveling through space."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 106935,
    "dDurationMs": 2388,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The top of a wave is called its crest"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109323,
    "dDurationMs": 4162,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the distance between two crests\nis called the wavelength."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113485,
    "dDurationMs": 4750,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The crests in red light are about\n700 billionths of a meter apart"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118235,
    "dDurationMs": 3246,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the wavelength of purple light\nis even shorter,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 121481,
    "dDurationMs": 4679,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about 400 billionths of a meter,\nor 400 nanometers."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126160,
    "dDurationMs": 4081,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When light hits the thin front surface\nof a bird's hollow melanosome,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 130241,
    "dDurationMs": 3506,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "some is reflected and some passes through."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133747,
    "dDurationMs": 4363,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A portion of the transmitted light\nthen reflects off the back surface."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138110,
    "dDurationMs": 2443,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The two reflected waves interact."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 140553,
    "dDurationMs": 1934,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Usually they cancel each other out,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142487,
    "dDurationMs": 2180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but when the wavelength\nof the reflected light"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144667,
    "dDurationMs": 3172,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "matches the distance between\nthe two reflections,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147839,
    "dDurationMs": 1923,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they reinforce each other."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 149762,
    "dDurationMs": 3282,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Green light has a wavelength\nof about 500 nanometers,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153044,
    "dDurationMs": 3284,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so melanosomes that are \nabout 500 nanometers across"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 156328,
    "dDurationMs": 1955,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "give off green light,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 158283,
    "dDurationMs": 2475,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "thinner melanosomes give off purple light,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 160758,
    "dDurationMs": 2793,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and thicker ones give off red light."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 163551,
    "dDurationMs": 2436,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Of course, it's more complex than this."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 165987,
    "dDurationMs": 3724,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The melanosomes are packed together\ninside cells, and other factors,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169711,
    "dDurationMs": 4660,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like how the melanosomes are arranged \nwithin the feather, also matter."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174371,
    "dDurationMs": 2453,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Let's return to the microraptor fossil."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4209,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When scientists examined its feather \nimprints under a powerful microscope,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 181033,
    "dDurationMs": 3274,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they found nanostructures \nthat look like melanosomes."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 184307,
    "dDurationMs": 4849,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "X-ray analysis of the melanosomes\nfurther supported that theory."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189156,
    "dDurationMs": 4228,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They contained minerals that would\nresult from the decay of melanin."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193384,
    "dDurationMs": 3400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The scientists then chose 20 feathers\nfrom one fossil"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 196784,
    "dDurationMs": 4177,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and found that \nthe melanosomes in all 20 looked alike,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200961,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so they became pretty sure this dinosaur\nwas one solid color."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205041,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They compared these microraptor\nmelanosomes to those of modern birds"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 209369,
    "dDurationMs": 3569,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and found a close similarity,\nthough not a perfect match,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212938,
    "dDurationMs": 4177,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to the iridescent teal feathers\nfound on duck wings."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217115,
    "dDurationMs": 3883,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And by examining the exact size\nand arrangement of the melanosomes,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220998,
    "dDurationMs": 4882,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "scientists determined that the feathers\nwere iridescent black."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225880,
    "dDurationMs": 3017,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now that we can determine\na fossilized feather's color,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 228897,
    "dDurationMs": 5163,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "paleontologists are looking for more\nfossils with well-preserved melanosomes."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234060,
    "dDurationMs": 3793,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They've found that a lot of dinosaurs,\nincluding velociraptor,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 237853,
    "dDurationMs": 1669,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "probably had feathers,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 239522,
    "dDurationMs": 5335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "meaning that certain films might not be\nso biologically accurate."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244857,
    "dDurationMs": 1700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Clever girls."
    } ]
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