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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The mystical city of Ockham is famous\nfor its college of magic."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Here, genius spellcasters\ninvent incantations"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5047,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and publish them in enchanted scrolls\nthat others can purchase."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As an aspiring wizard, you study\nthese scrolls to learn from the best."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Specifically, you’re interested in making\nmathematical magic—"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like spells that conjure complex shapes—"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for researchers to study."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Often, you can’t afford the latest scrolls\nin your field."
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    "dDurationMs": 5547,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But one day, a friend tells you he's been\nusing an illegal duplication spell"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to copy scrolls,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and, if you’re interested,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you’re welcome to read his collection\nfree of charge."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5422,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, do you use his counterfeit scrolls\nto further your own research?"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1293,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As a wizard,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6590,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you know designing spells requires a lot\nof intellectual labor and creativity,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 73694,
    "dDurationMs": 5047,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which is why it’s widely agreed that mages\nshould be able to make a living"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78741,
    "dDurationMs": 1377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "selling their work."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80368,
    "dDurationMs": 4671,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And since this system is also\nhow wizards build their reputation,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "most believe it elevates good work"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and makes high quality magic\nreasonably accessible."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But this system has its problems."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, researchers on our less\nmagical world are facing similar issues"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with how science is published."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That system's issues are far\nmore complex than Ockham's,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but both share a core\nphilosophical concern:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "intellectual property rights."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While many philosophers agree "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that some version of intellectual\nproperty rights make sense,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122326,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "their justifications vary widely."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, some thinkers draw\non English philosopher John Locke,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 130501,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who argues that if you “mix your labor”\nwith a plot of wild land,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "any crops it produces,\nas well as the land itself,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "should be under your control."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This makes a certain kind of sense\nfor farmers,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 145516,
    "dDurationMs": 5714,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but are spells, songs, or stories\nreally like farmland?"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 152106,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For one thing, land is limited—"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 154692,
    "dDurationMs": 5339,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "if one person uses it for farming,\nsomeone else can’t use it for building."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This kind of all or nothing resource\nis what some philosophers call"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a rivalrous good."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 167163,
    "dDurationMs": 5088,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But there’s no limit on how many people\ncan be inspired by a sunset."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3921,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And people can even arrive\nat the same idea independently,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "whether or not they share an inspiration."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So if we can all have ideas\nwithout interfering with one another,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 185556,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "why assign rights over them at all?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "One answer comes from 19th-century\nphilosopher G.W.F. Hegel."
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      "utf8": "He argues that control over our\nintellectual creations"
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      "utf8": "is crucial to the quest\nfor personal fulfillment."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, musicians making a new\nsong aren't just mixing their labor"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the world—"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And Hegel believes creators should\nhave the right to control"
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      "utf8": "these creative extensions\nof their personalities."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By using these ideas without permission\nor credit,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we’re reducing a creator’s control\nover their life and legacy."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Alternatively, thinkers like\nElizabeth Anderson and Michael Sandel"
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      "utf8": "have argued that commodifying\ncertain things can debase them."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, while you might think it’s\nfine to treat a luxury car"
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      "utf8": "as something to be bought and sold,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it feels strange to say the same thing\nabout a library card."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "That attitude feels somehow disrespectful\nto the pursuit of knowledge."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "And taken to the extreme,"
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      "utf8": "one might conclude that all knowledge\nshould be completely free."
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      "utf8": "But even without compensation,"
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      "utf8": "how would you feel if\nsomeone copied your work"
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      "utf8": "and took credit for it as their own?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Outside a world where everyone\nabandons ownership over their ideas,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it’s hard not to feel like some injustice\nwould still be taking place."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That said, it also feels extreme"
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    "tStartMs": 282820,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to say intellectual property\nrights should always be respected."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 287742,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Scottish philosopher David Hume\nfamously argued that, in times of famine,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the government is justified in forcing\nwealthy citizens to open their granaries"
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      "utf8": "to the public."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "similar reasoning led publishing companies\nto temporarily give free access"
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    "tStartMs": 307762,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to journal articles related\nto the deadly virus."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In such an emergency,\nmost agreed it was in everyone’s interest"
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      "utf8": "to prioritize saving lives\nover compensation."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But do circumstances need\nto be this extreme"
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      "utf8": "to justify ignoring\nintellectual property rights?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or is your pursuit of knowledge enough\nfor you to deny these mages"
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      "utf8": "their hard-earned coin?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Your friend’s archive is waiting..."
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