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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Imagine a brilliant neuroscientist\nnamed Mary."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and her screens only display \nblack and white."
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      "utf8": "But even though she has never seen color,\nMary is an expert in color vision"
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      "utf8": "and knows everything ever discovered\nabout its physics and biology."
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      "utf8": "She knows how different \nwavelengths of light"
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      "utf8": "stimulate three types of cone cells\nin the retina,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and she knows how electrical signals"
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      "utf8": "There, they create patterns \nof neural activity"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that correspond to the millions\nof colors most humans can distinguish."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now imagine that one day,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Mary's black and white screen\nmalfunctions"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and an apple appears in color."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For the first time,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "she can experience something\nthat she's known about for years."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Does she learn anything new?"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is there anything about perceiving color\nthat wasn't captured in all her knowledge?"
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      "utf8": "Philosopher Frank Jackson proposed\nthis thought experiment,"
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He argued that if Mary already knew\nall the physical facts about color vision,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and experiencing color still teaches\nher something new,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "then mental states, like color perception,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Mary's room thought experiment"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "describes what philosophers call\nthe knowledge argument,"
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      "utf8": "that there are non-physical properties\nand knowledge"
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      "utf8": "which can only be discovered\nthrough conscious experience."
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      "utf8": "The knowledge argument contradicts\nthe theory of physicalism,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which says that everything, \nincluding mental states,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To most people hearing Mary's story,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it seems intuitively obvious \nthat actually seeing color"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "will be totally different \nthan learning about it."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Therefore, there must be some quality\nof color vision"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that transcends its physical description."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The knowledge argument isn't just\nabout color vision."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Mary's room uses color vision\nto represent conscious experience."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If physical science can't entirely\nexplain color vision,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "then maybe it can't entirely explain\nother conscious experiences either."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For instance, we could know every\nphysical detail"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about the structure and function\nof someone else's brain,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but still not understand\nwhat it feels like to be that person."
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      "utf8": "These ineffable experiences \nhave properties called qualia,"
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      "utf8": "subjective qualities that you can't \naccurately describe or measure."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like having an itch,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171714,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "being in love,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 172934,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or feeling bored."
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      "utf8": "Physical facts can't completely explain\nmental states like this."
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      "utf8": "Philosophers interested\nin artificial intelligence"
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      "utf8": "to theorize that recreating \na physical state"
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      "utf8": "building a computer which mimicked \nthe function of every single neuron"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not all philosophers agree that\nthe Mary's room experiment is useful."
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      "utf8": "Some argue that her extensive knowledge\nof color vision"
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      "utf8": "The screen malfunction wouldn't\nshow her anything new."
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      "utf8": "Others say that her knowledge\nwas never complete in the first place"
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      "utf8": "because it was based only\non those physical facts"
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      "utf8": "Years after he proposed it,"
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      "utf8": "Jackson actually reversed his own\nstance on his thought experiment."
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      "utf8": "He decided that even \nMary's experience of seeing red"
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      "utf8": "But there still isn't a definitive answer"
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      "utf8": "to the question of whether Mary would\nlearn anything new"
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      "utf8": "And would this mean there are certain\naspects of the universe"
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