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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 6825,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Picture warm, gooey cookies,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 9101,
    "dDurationMs": 2951,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "crunchy candies, velvety cakes,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 12076,
    "dDurationMs": 2594,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "waffle cones piled high with ice cream."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 14693,
    "dDurationMs": 1953,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is your mouth watering?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 16670,
    "dDurationMs": 1197,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Are you craving dessert?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17891,
    "dDurationMs": 1031,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Why?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18946,
    "dDurationMs": 4730,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What happens in the brain\nthat makes sugary foods so hard to resist?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 23700,
    "dDurationMs": 3389,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sugar is a general term\nused to describe a class of molecules"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27113,
    "dDurationMs": 1290,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "called carbohydrates,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 28427,
    "dDurationMs": 2827,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it's found in a wide variety\nof food and drink."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 31278,
    "dDurationMs": 3140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Just check the labels\non sweet products you buy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34442,
    "dDurationMs": 2468,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Glucose, fructose, sucrose,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 36934,
    "dDurationMs": 2849,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "maltose, lactose, dextrose, and starch"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39807,
    "dDurationMs": 1955,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are all forms of sugar."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 41786,
    "dDurationMs": 1931,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So are high-fructose corn syrup,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 43741,
    "dDurationMs": 2529,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "fruit juice, raw sugar, and honey."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46709,
    "dDurationMs": 2929,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And sugar isn't just\nin candies and desserts,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 49662,
    "dDurationMs": 1524,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's also added to tomato sauce,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51188,
    "dDurationMs": 4488,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "yogurt, dried fruit,\nflavored waters, or granola bars."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 55700,
    "dDurationMs": 2963,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Since sugar is everywhere,\nit's important to understand"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58687,
    "dDurationMs": 1195,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "how it affects the brain."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 59906,
    "dDurationMs": 2345,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What happens when sugar hits your tongue?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62275,
    "dDurationMs": 2931,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And does eating a little bit of sugar\nmake you crave more?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 65753,
    "dDurationMs": 1570,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You take a bite of cereal."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67347,
    "dDurationMs": 3157,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The sugars it contains activate\nthe sweet-taste receptors,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 70528,
    "dDurationMs": 2218,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "part of the taste buds on the tongue."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 72770,
    "dDurationMs": 2977,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These receptors send a signal\nup to the brain stem,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75771,
    "dDurationMs": 3466,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and from there, it forks off\ninto many areas of the forebrain,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 79261,
    "dDurationMs": 2528,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "one of which is the cerebral cortex."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 81813,
    "dDurationMs": 4170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Different sections of the cerebral cortex\nprocess different tastes:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 86007,
    "dDurationMs": 1964,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "bitter, salty, umami,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87995,
    "dDurationMs": 1804,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and, in our case, sweet."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89823,
    "dDurationMs": 3593,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "From here, the signal activates\nthe brain's reward system."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93440,
    "dDurationMs": 3661,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This reward system is a series\nof electrical and chemical pathways"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97125,
    "dDurationMs": 2600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "across several different\nregions of the brain."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99749,
    "dDurationMs": 1286,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's a complicated network,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101059,
    "dDurationMs": 3425,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it helps answer a single,\nsubconscious question:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104508,
    "dDurationMs": 1345,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "should I do that again?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105877,
    "dDurationMs": 3600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That warm, fuzzy feeling you get\nwhen you taste Grandma's chocolate cake?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109501,
    "dDurationMs": 1879,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's your reward system saying,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 111404,
    "dDurationMs": 1512,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "\"Mmm, yes!\""
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 112940,
    "dDurationMs": 2333,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And it's not just activated by food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115297,
    "dDurationMs": 2286,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Socializing, sexual behavior, and drugs"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117607,
    "dDurationMs": 3103,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are just a few examples\nof things and experiences"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120734,
    "dDurationMs": 2543,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that also activate the reward system."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123301,
    "dDurationMs": 5344,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But overactivating this reward system\nkickstarts a series of unfortunate events:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128669,
    "dDurationMs": 3631,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "loss of control, craving,\nand increased tolerance to sugar."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133158,
    "dDurationMs": 2073,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Let's get back to our bite of cereal."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 135255,
    "dDurationMs": 3633,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It travels down into your stomach\nand eventually into your gut."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138912,
    "dDurationMs": 1013,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And guess what?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139949,
    "dDurationMs": 2407,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There are sugar receptors here, too."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142380,
    "dDurationMs": 2351,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They are not taste buds,\nbut they do send signals"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144755,
    "dDurationMs": 1808,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "telling your brain that you're full"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146587,
    "dDurationMs": 2143,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or that your body should\nproduce more insulin"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 148754,
    "dDurationMs": 2225,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to deal with the extra sugar\nyou're eating."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 151596,
    "dDurationMs": 2943,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The major currency\nof our reward system is dopamine,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 154563,
    "dDurationMs": 2566,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "an important chemical or neurotransmitter."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 157153,
    "dDurationMs": 2507,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There are many dopamine\nreceptors in the forebrain,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 159684,
    "dDurationMs": 2132,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but they're not evenly distributed."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161840,
    "dDurationMs": 2784,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Certain areas contain dense\nclusters of receptors,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164648,
    "dDurationMs": 3663,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and these dopamine hot spots\nare a part of our reward system."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168898,
    "dDurationMs": 2651,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Drugs like alcohol, nicotine, or heroin"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171573,
    "dDurationMs": 1769,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "send dopamine into overdrive,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 173366,
    "dDurationMs": 3059,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "leading some people\nto constantly seek that high,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 176449,
    "dDurationMs": 1721,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in other words, to be addicted."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178645,
    "dDurationMs": 4887,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sugar also causes dopamine to be released,\nthough not as violently as drugs."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183556,
    "dDurationMs": 3109,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And sugar is rare\namong dopamine-inducing foods."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 186689,
    "dDurationMs": 1939,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Broccoli, for example, has no effect,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 188652,
    "dDurationMs": 1436,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which probably explains"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 190112,
    "dDurationMs": 2701,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "why it's so hard to get\nkids to eat their veggies."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193295,
    "dDurationMs": 1556,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Speaking of healthy foods,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 194875,
    "dDurationMs": 2815,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "let's say you're hungry\nand decide to eat a balanced meal."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3611,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You do, and dopamine levels spike\nin the reward system hot spots."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3357,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But if you eat that same dish\nmany days in a row,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4244,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "dopamine levels will spike less and less,\neventually leveling out."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1762,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's because when it comes to food,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210784,
    "dDurationMs": 4147,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the brain evolved to pay special attention\nto new or different tastes."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214955,
    "dDurationMs": 1106,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Why?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 216085,
    "dDurationMs": 1160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Two reasons:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217269,
    "dDurationMs": 2516,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "first, to detect food that's gone bad."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 219809,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And second, because the more variety\nwe have in our diet,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 222753,
    "dDurationMs": 3099,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the more likely we are\nto get all the nutrients we need."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225876,
    "dDurationMs": 1351,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To keep that variety up,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 227251,
    "dDurationMs": 2388,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we need to be able\nto recognize a new food,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229663,
    "dDurationMs": 3857,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and more importantly, we need\nto want to keep eating new foods."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 233544,
    "dDurationMs": 3799,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And that's why the dopamine levels off\nwhen a food becomes boring."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 237367,
    "dDurationMs": 1575,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now, back to that meal."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238966,
    "dDurationMs": 3102,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What happens if in place\nof the healthy, balanced dish,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242092,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you eat sugar-rich food instead?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3008,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you rarely eat sugar\nor don't eat much at a time,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2610,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the effect is similar\nto that of the balanced meal."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3729,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But if you eat too much,\nthe dopamine response does not level out."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In other words, eating lots of sugar\nwill continue to feel rewarding."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3384,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In this way, sugar behaves\na little bit like a drug."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's one reason people seem\nto be hooked on sugary foods."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, think back to all those\ndifferent kinds of sugar."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each one is unique,\nbut every time any sugar is consumed,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4337,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it kickstarts a domino effect in the brain\nthat sparks a rewarding feeling."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3407,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Too much, too often,\nand things can go into overdrive."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, yes, overconsumption of sugar\ncan have addictive effects on the brain,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but a wedge of cake once\nin a while won't hurt you."
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