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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you can't imagine\nlife without chocolate,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you're lucky you weren't born before\nthe 16th century."
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      "utf8": "Until then, chocolate only existed\nin Mesoamerica"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in a form quite different \nfrom what we know."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As far back as 1900 BCE,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the people of that region had learned\nto prepare the beans"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of the native cacao tree."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The earliest records tell us the beans\nwere ground"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3249,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and mixed with cornmeal\nand chili peppers"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to create a drink -"
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      "utf8": "not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but a bitter, invigorating concoction\nfrothing with foam."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And if you thought we make\na big deal about chocolate today,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the Mesoamericans had us beat."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They believed that cacao\nwas a heavenly food"
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      "utf8": "gifted to humans\nby a feathered serpent god,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "known to the Maya as Kukulkan"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl."
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      "utf8": "Aztecs used cacao beans as currency"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and drank chocolate at royal feasts,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "gave it to soldiers as a reward\nfor success in battle,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 70736,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and used it in rituals."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The first transatlantic\nchocolate encounter occurred in 1519"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "when Hernán Cortés visited\nthe court of Moctezuma"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1759,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "at Tenochtitlan."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83486,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the king had 50 jugs of the drink\nbrought out and poured into golden cups."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When the colonists returned with shipments\nof the strange new bean,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "missionaries' salacious accounts\nof native customs"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97727,
    "dDurationMs": 4341,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At first, its bitter taste made it\nsuitable as a medicine for ailments,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105778,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like upset stomachs,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but sweetening it with honey,\nsugar, or vanilla"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy\nin the Spanish court."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And soon, no aristocratic home was\ncomplete without dedicated chocolate ware."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 121568,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The fashionable drink was difficult\nand time consuming to produce"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "on a large scale."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That involved using plantations\nand imported slave labor"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in the Caribbean and \non islands off the coast of Africa."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The world of chocolate would change\nforever in 1828"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the introduction of the cocoa press\nby Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Van Houten's invention could separate\nthe cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This left a powder that could be mixed\ninto a drinkable solution"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or recombined with the cocoa butter"
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "to create the solid chocolate\nwe know today."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier\nnamed Daniel Peter"
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "thus inventing milk chocolate."
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      "utf8": "By the 20th century, chocolate\nwas no longer an elite luxury"
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      "utf8": "but had become a treat for the public."
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      "utf8": "Meeting the massive demand required\nmore cultivation of cocoa,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which can only grow near the equator."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now, instead of African slaves \nbeing shipped"
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      "utf8": "to South American cocoa plantations,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "cocoa production itself would shift\nto West Africa"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths\nof the world's cocoa as of 2015."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Yet along with the growth\nof the industry,"
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      "utf8": "there have been horrific abuses\nof human rights."
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      "utf8": "Many of the plantations throughout\nWest Africa,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which supply Western companies,"
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  }, {
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with an estimation of more than\n2 million children affected."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is a complex problem\nthat persists"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "despite efforts from major chocolate\ncompanies to partner with African nations"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to reduce child \nand indentured labor practices."
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      "utf8": "Today, chocolate has established itself\nin the rituals of our modern culture."
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      "utf8": "Due to its colonial association with\nnative cultures,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "combined with the power of advertising,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "chocolate retains an aura\nof something sensual,"
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "decadent,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and forbidden."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Yet knowing more about its fascinating\nand often cruel history,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as well as its production today,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "tells us where \nthese associations originate"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248642,
    "dDurationMs": 2410,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and what they hide."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So as you unwrap \nyour next bar of chocolate,"
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      "utf8": "take a moment to consider that\nnot everything about chocolate is sweet."
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