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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It sure would be nice to control the weather."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You could guarantee you’d always \nhave a sunny day for a picnic,  "
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or call down some rain if your \ngarden’s looking a little dry."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But we humans cannot do that."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Because we are not penguins."
    } ]
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    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Whether Antarctica gets nice \nsunny days or overcast skies  "
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "might have a lot to do with \nits best-dressed residents."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Here is how penguins, and I am not \njoking, might control the weather."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[♪ INTRO]"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Penguin colonies in Antarctica \ncan get pretty darn big."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Many have tens or even hundreds \nof thousands of breeding pairs."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And with a lot of penguins \ncomes a lot of penguin poop."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All of that poop gives off a gas called ammonia."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 43840,
    "dDurationMs": 2640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You might know of it as an \ningredient in plant fertilizer."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46480,
    "dDurationMs": 2480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or things you can use to clean your bathroom."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or pee!"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, seabird poop is such a rich source \nof ammonia that back in the 19th century,  "
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 55120,
    "dDurationMs": 6400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "people were mining entire islands for \nbuildups of bird poop to bolster their crops."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not exactly a glamorous job."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in places like Antarctica, where no one’s \ngoing in and messing with penguin droppings,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 68560,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the ammonia gets into the atmosphere."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 71280,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There, it can link up with other chemicals in the \nair and help form the earliest seeds of clouds."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77280,
    "dDurationMs": 3520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Clouds are mostly made of \ndroplets of liquid water."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80800,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In order for clouds to form, \nthe gaseous water vapor in the  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 84160,
    "dDurationMs": 5280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "atmosphere needs something to condense \nonto in order to become those droplets."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89440,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That something could be a bit of \ndust, or some soot from a fire."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93360,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But it could also come from natural chemical \nreactions that occur in the atmosphere."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sometimes, when different gases get together,  "
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they can link up and form a \ntiny solid or liquid particle."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At first, those little particles aren’t big \nenough to start forming clouds on their own."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But over time, they can \ngrow into bigger particles."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They don’t even have to get all that big."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Once the particles get to be a \nfew dozen nanometers in diameter,  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they become cloud condensation nuclei."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Those are particles big enough for \nwater vapor to start condensing on them."
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    "tStartMs": 123760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Just for context, the particles only need to be  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126400,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about a thousand times smaller \nthan the width of a human hair."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 130160,
    "dDurationMs": 3555,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Why do we always use width of \na human hair as the comparison?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "I feel like there’s got to be something else!"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In Antarctica, many of the particles \nthat go on to become cloud condensation  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nuclei are thought to start as clusters \ncontaining sulfuric acid and ammonia."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They can also contain chemicals called amines, \nwhich are related to ammonia, among others."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The sulfuric acid mainly comes \nfrom microorganisms in the ocean."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Phytoplankton emit something called dimethyl \nsulfide, which reacts to become sulfuric acid."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And the ammonia comes, in \nlarge part, from penguin poop."
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      "utf8": "Normally, there would be other compounds in  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the atmosphere forming these \ntiny starter particles too."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They might be things like decaying \nplant matter or industrial emissions."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But there really isn’t much of that in Antarctica."
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      "utf8": "It is the world’s largest desert, after all."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So ammonia from penguin guano, or penguin poop,\nends up playing a big role in cloud formation."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now, we’ve known about this for a while."
    } ]
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    "dDurationMs": 5840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Studies have linked this particle formation \nto ammonia from penguin colonies since 1998."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And more recent research has presented an \nidea for exactly how those particles form."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But as it turns out, these poop-based \nspecks could impact cloud cover over  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "much of Antarctica, and maybe help \nkeep the entire continent cool."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5200,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Before we talk about why, all science needs \nfunding, so let’s go to a quick break."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Thanks to JMP Statistical Discovery \nfor supporting this SciShow video!"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214080,
    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you’ve ever had trouble finding the interesting \nresults in a huge dataset, you’re not alone."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 218720,
    "dDurationMs": 3040,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It can be really hard to see \nthe forest for the trees."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That is why JMP exists."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 223680,
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      "utf8": "JMP helps scientists turn messy,  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "complex data into something they \ncan visually explore and understand."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "JMP makes the jumble of numbers \nmeaningful by making patterns,  "
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234640,
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      "utf8": "relationships, and outliers visible in seconds."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But it’s still you working with the data."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 240000,
    "dDurationMs": 4480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You can build these skills yourself \nwith JMP’s free, on-demand workshop."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Download the free trial and sample \ndataset and start your journey into  "
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    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 251760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You don’t need to be an expert \nstatistician to get started."
    } ]
  }, {
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 258560,
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    "segs": [ {
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In a 2025 study, a team of researchers \nset up equipment to monitor ammonia  "
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    "tStartMs": 267200,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "levels at an Antarctic research \nstation near two penguin colonies."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They found that airborne ammonia concentrations  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "were higher when the wind blew in from \nthe direction of the penguin colonies."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And they only saw new particles forming \nwhen the wind came from that direction, too."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Along with ammonia, the team also \nspotted a chemical called dimethylamine."
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      "utf8": "Even a little bit of dimethylamine can help  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "speed up the formation of those \nammonia-sulfuric acid particles."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And good thing for the \nscientists there wasn’t a lot."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Because dimethylamine smells like rotting fish."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Yummy..."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The scientists weren’t able to confirm \nthe source of the dimethylamine."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But much like with the ammonia,  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they saw more dimethylamine when winds \ncame from the direction of the penguins."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That’s not entirely surprising."
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      "utf8": "Penguin guano can produce amines,  "
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so it makes sense that the dimethylamine could \nhave come from penguin poop just like ammonia."
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      "utf8": "So lots of penguin poop means lots of these little \nparticles that can contribute to cloud formation."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That was true even after the penguins left \nthe colony site on their annual migration."
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      "utf8": "Ammonia levels stayed high for more than \na month after the penguins took off."
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      "utf8": "But not literally took off...because they don't fly."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A separate study from 2024 also suggests that \nammonia levels in the air from penguin guano  "
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "could spike when temperatures fluctuate above \nand below freezing over the course of the day."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ammonia itself doesn’t last very \nlong once it’s in the atmosphere."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But those particles it \nmakes with sulfuric acid do."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The particles could end up getting \nblown elsewhere on the continent."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "So penguin poop could affect \ncloud cover far from their homes."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Extra cloud cover could help keep Antarctica \ncool in the face of climate disaster,  "
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 368160,
    "dDurationMs": 4160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but we need more research to figure \nout exactly how that will play out."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 372320,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Clouds reflect some of the light and \nheat from the sun back out into space,  "
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 377040,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which could help keep temperatures low."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 379040,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "On the other hand, clouds also \nlock in some of the heat that  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 382640,
    "dDurationMs": 2800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "makes it through and prevent it \nfrom escaping the atmosphere."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 385440,
    "dDurationMs": 2080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To make things even more complicated,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 387520,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "climate disaster is already causing \nsome penguin populations to shrink."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 391600,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Fewer penguins means less penguin poop, \nwhich could then mean fewer clouds."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 396080,
    "dDurationMs": 2560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even though we don’t understand their effects yet,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 398640,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this is a strong argument for \nprotecting penguin populations."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 402480,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They might protect a whole continent in turn!"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 405200,
    "dDurationMs": 4560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So it looks like to really understand \nand manage climate change in Antarctica,  "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 409760,
    "dDurationMs": 6210,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we’ll need some help from these funny little guys \nin suits who like to tap dance and also surf."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[♪ OUTRO]"
    } ]
  } ]
}