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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In 1965, 17-year-old high school student,\nRandy Gardner"
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      "utf8": "That's 11 days to see how\nhe'd cope without sleep."
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      "utf8": "On the second day, \nhis eyes stopped focusing."
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      "utf8": "Next, he lost the ability\nto identify objects by touch."
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      "utf8": "By day three, Gardner was moody\nand uncoordinated."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At the end of the experiment,\nhe was struggling to concentrate,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "had trouble with short-term memory,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "became paranoid,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and started hallucinating."
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      "utf8": "Although Gardner recovered without\nlong-term psychological"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1668,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or physical damage,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for others, losing shuteye can result\nin hormonal imbalance,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "illness,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and, in extreme cases, death."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We're only beginning to understand\nwhy we sleep to begin with,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but we do know it's essential."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Adults need seven to eight hours\nof sleep a night,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and adolescents need about ten."
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      "utf8": "We grow sleepy due to signals\nfrom our body"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and signals from the environment\ntelling us it's dark outside."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "The rise in sleep-inducing chemicals,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like adenosine and melatonin,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75136,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "send us into a light doze \nthat grows deeper,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78348,
    "dDurationMs": 2603,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making our breathing \nand heart rate slow down"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80951,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and our muscles relax."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3498,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This non-REM sleep is when DNA is repaired"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87075,
    "dDurationMs": 3406,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and our bodies replenish themselves\nfor the day ahead."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90481,
    "dDurationMs": 1580,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the United States,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's estimated that 30% of adults\nand 66% of adolescents"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are regularly sleep-deprived."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99124,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This isn't just a minor inconvenience."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Staying awake can cause \nserious bodily harm."
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    "tStartMs": 104841,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When we lose sleep,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 106159,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "learning,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "memory,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 107828,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "mood,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 108538,
    "dDurationMs": 2245,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and reaction time are affected."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113385,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "halluciations,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 114607,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "high blood pressure,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it's even been linked\nto diabetes and obesity."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In 2014, a devoted soccer fan died"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "after staying awake for 48 hours \nto watch the World Cup."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While his untimely death \nwas due to a stroke,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "studies show that chronically sleeping\nfewer than six hours a night"
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      "utf8": "increases stroke risk \nby four and half times"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "compared to those getting a consistent\nseven to eight hours of shuteye."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For a handful of people on the planet who\ncarry a rare inherited genetic mutation,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "sleeplessness is a daily reality."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This condition, \nknown as Fatal Familial Insomnia,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "places the body in a nightmarish \nstate of wakefulness,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "forbidding it from entering \nthe sanctuary of sleep."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Within months or years,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this progressively worsening condition\nleads to dementia and death."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How can sleep deprivation\ncause such immense suffering?"
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      "utf8": "Scientists think the answer lies\nwith the accumulation of waste prducts"
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      "utf8": "in the brain."
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      "utf8": "our cells are busy using up\nour day's energy sources,"
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      "utf8": "which get broken down \ninto various byproducts,"
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      "utf8": "As adenosine builds up,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it increases the urge to sleep,\nalso known as sleep pressure."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, caffeine works by blocking\nadenosine's receptor pathways."
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      "utf8": "Other waste products \nalso build up in the brain,"
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      "utf8": "and if they're not cleared away,\nthey collectively overload the brain"
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      "utf8": "and are thought to lead to the many\nnegative symptoms of sleep deprivation."
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      "utf8": "So, what's happening in our brain\nwhen we sleep to prevent this?"
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      "utf8": "Scientists found something called\nthe glymphatic system,"
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      "utf8": "a clean-up mechanism \nthat removes this buildup"
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      "utf8": "and is much more active when we're asleep."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It works by using cerebrospinal fluid\nto flush away toxic byproducts"
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      "utf8": "that accumulate between cells."
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      "utf8": "have recently been discovered \nin the brain,"
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      "utf8": "and they may also play a role in clearing\nout the brain's daily waste products."
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      "utf8": "we can be sure that slipping \ninto slumber is a necessity"
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      "utf8": "if we want to maintain our health\nand our sanity."
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