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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 10947,
    "dDurationMs": 7542,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "One, two, three, four, five, six,\nseven, eight, nine, and zero."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5699,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With just these ten symbols, we can\nwrite any rational number imaginable."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 24188,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But why these particular symbols?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26691,
    "dDurationMs": 1661,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Why ten of them?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3247,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And why do we arrange them the way we do?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Numbers have been a fact of life\nthroughout recorded history."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35419,
    "dDurationMs": 4430,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Early humans likely counted animals\nin a flock or members in a tribe"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39849,
    "dDurationMs": 3140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "using body parts or tally marks."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 42989,
    "dDurationMs": 4491,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But as the complexity of life increased,\nalong with the number of things to count,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 47480,
    "dDurationMs": 3070,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "these methods were no longer sufficient."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1499,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So as they developed,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 52049,
    "dDurationMs": 4759,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "different civilizations came up \nwith ways of recording higher numbers."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 56808,
    "dDurationMs": 1251,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Many of these systems,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58059,
    "dDurationMs": 760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like Greek,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hebrew,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1231,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and Egyptian numerals,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "were just extensions of tally marks"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 63300,
    "dDurationMs": 4050,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with new symbols added to represent\nlarger magnitudes of value."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67350,
    "dDurationMs": 5800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each symbol was repeated as many times\nas necessary and all were added together."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Roman numerals added another twist."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If a numeral appeared before one\nwith a higher value,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78490,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it would be subtracted rather than added."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But even with this innovation,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83450,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it was still a cumbersome method\nfor writing large numbers."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 88501,
    "dDurationMs": 2360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The way to a more useful \nand elegant system"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90861,
    "dDurationMs": 4180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "lay in something called \npositional notation."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 95041,
    "dDurationMs": 3389,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Previous number systems needed to draw\nmany symbols repeatedly"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98430,
    "dDurationMs": 4180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and invent a new symbol \nfor each larger magnitude."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102610,
    "dDurationMs": 3361,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But a positional system could reuse\nthe same symbols,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105971,
    "dDurationMs": 4991,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "assigning them different values\nbased on their position in the sequence."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110962,
    "dDurationMs": 3949,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Several civilizations developed positional\nnotation independently,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 114911,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "including the Babylonians,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 116822,
    "dDurationMs": 1210,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the Ancient Chinese,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118032,
    "dDurationMs": 1950,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the Aztecs."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 119982,
    "dDurationMs": 4580,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By the 8th century, Indian mathematicians\nhad perfected such a system"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124562,
    "dDurationMs": 1990,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and over the next several centuries,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126552,
    "dDurationMs": 5791,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Arab merchants, scholars, and conquerors\nbegan to spread it into Europe."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 132343,
    "dDurationMs": 3700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This was a decimal, or base ten, system,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136043,
    "dDurationMs": 4471,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which could represent any number\nusing only ten unique glyphs."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 140514,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The positions of these symbols\nindicate different powers of ten,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 143943,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "starting on the right \nand increasing as we move left."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, the number 316"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "reads as 6x10^0"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153693,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "plus 1x10^1"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 156292,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "plus 3x10^2."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 159943,
    "dDurationMs": 1890,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A key breakthrough of this system,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which was also independently \ndeveloped by the Mayans,"
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "was the number zero."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Older positional notation systems \nthat lacked this symbol"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would leave a blank in its place,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making it hard to distinguish \nbetween 63 and 603,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 176935,
    "dDurationMs": 3068,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or 12 and 120."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The understanding of zero as both\na value and a placeholder"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 184054,
    "dDurationMs": 3970,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "made for reliable and consistent notation."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Of course, it's possible \nto use any ten symbols"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 190393,
    "dDurationMs": 3350,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to represent the numerals \nzero through nine."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193743,
    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For a long time, \nthe glyphs varied regionally."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197038,
    "dDurationMs": 2164,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Most scholars agree \nthat our current digits"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "evolved from those used in the\nNorth African Maghreb region"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202726,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of the Arab Empire."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And by the 15th century, what we now know\nas the Hindu-Arabic numeral system"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "had replaced Roman numerals\nin everyday life"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212789,
    "dDurationMs": 4486,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to become the most commonly \nused number system in the world."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So why did the Hindu-Arabic system,\nalong with so many others,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220726,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "use base ten?"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The most likely answer is the simplest."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That also explains why the Aztecs used\na base 20, or vigesimal system."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But other bases are possible, too."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Babylonian numerals were sexigesimal,\nor base 60."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Any many people think that a base 12,\nor duodecimal system,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242236,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would be a good idea."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Like 60, 12 is a highly composite number\nthat can be divided by two,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "three,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 249035,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "four,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and six,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3779,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making it much better for representing\ncommon fractions."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 254705,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, both systems appear\nin our everyday lives,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 257755,
    "dDurationMs": 2116,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from how we measure degrees and time,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 259871,
    "dDurationMs": 3545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to common measurements,\nlike a dozen or a gross."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 263416,
    "dDurationMs": 3750,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And, of course, the base two, \nor binary system,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 267166,
    "dDurationMs": 2882,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is used in all of our digital devices,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 270048,
    "dDurationMs": 5918,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "though programmers also use base eight\nand base 16 for more compact notation."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 275966,
    "dDurationMs": 2024,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So the next time you use a large number,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4406,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "think of the massive quantity captured\nin just these few symbols,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3383,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and see if you can come up \nwith a different way to represent it."
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