{
  "wireMagic": "pb3",
  "pens": [ {
  
  } ],
  "wsWinStyles": [ {
  
  } ],
  "wpWinPositions": [ {
  
  } ],
  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 6335,
    "dDurationMs": 1752,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What makes a book a book?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 8463,
    "dDurationMs": 3962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is it just anything that stores\nand communicates information?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 12550,
    "dDurationMs": 1752,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or does it have to do with paper,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 14302,
    "dDurationMs": 3253,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "binding, font, ink,\nits weight in your hands,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17555,
    "dDurationMs": 1710,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the smell of the pages?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 19474,
    "dDurationMs": 1126,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is this a book?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 20725,
    "dDurationMs": 1168,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Probably not."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22143,
    "dDurationMs": 1084,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But is this?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 23352,
    "dDurationMs": 1252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To answer these questions,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 24604,
    "dDurationMs": 2752,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we need to go back to the start\nof the book as we know it"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27356,
    "dDurationMs": 3170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and understand how these elements\ncame together to make something"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30526,
    "dDurationMs": 2169,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "more than the sum of their parts."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 32904,
    "dDurationMs": 3753,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The earliest object that we think\nof as a book is the codex:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 36824,
    "dDurationMs": 2795,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a stack of pages bound along one edge."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39827,
    "dDurationMs": 2544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the real turning point in book history"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 42371,
    "dDurationMs": 4004,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was Johannes Gutenberg's\nprinting press in the mid-15th century."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46918,
    "dDurationMs": 4713,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The concept of moveable type had been\ninvented much earlier in Eastern culture,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51839,
    "dDurationMs": 3754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but the introduction of Gutenberg's\npress had a profound effect."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 55718,
    "dDurationMs": 3462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Suddenly, an elite class of monks\nand the ruling class"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 59180,
    "dDurationMs": 2878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "no longer controlled \nthe production of texts."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62391,
    "dDurationMs": 2044,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Messages could spread more easily,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 64560,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and copies could constantly be produced,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67230,
    "dDurationMs": 2627,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so printing houses popped\nup all over Europe."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 70441,
    "dDurationMs": 4755,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The product of this bibliographic boom\nis familiar to us in some respects,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75196,
    "dDurationMs": 2085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but markedly different in others."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78783,
    "dDurationMs": 3754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The skeleton of the book is paper,\ntype, and cover."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 82537,
    "dDurationMs": 4462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "More than 2,000 years ago,\nChina invented paper as a writing surface,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87125,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which was itself predated \nby Egyptian papyrus."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90419,
    "dDurationMs": 2211,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "However, until the 16th century,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 92630,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Europeans mainly wrote \non thin sheets of wood"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 95133,
    "dDurationMs": 3628,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and durable parchment\nmade of stretched animal skins."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99095,
    "dDurationMs": 3587,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Eventually, the popularity of paper\nspread throughout Europe,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102765,
    "dDurationMs": 4338,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "replacing parchment for most printings\nbecause it was less expensive in bulk."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 107770,
    "dDurationMs": 3796,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Inks had been made by combining\norganic plant and animal dyes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 111566,
    "dDurationMs": 1459,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with water or wine,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113276,
    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but since water doesn't stick\nto metal type,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115862,
    "dDurationMs": 3878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "use of the printing press required\na change to oil-based ink."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 119907,
    "dDurationMs": 3504,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Printers used black ink made of\na mixture of lamp soot,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123411,
    "dDurationMs": 1001,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "turpentine,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124412,
    "dDurationMs": 1126,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and walnut oil."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 125955,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And what about font size and type?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128374,
    "dDurationMs": 4463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The earliest movable type pieces\nconsisted of reversed letters"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 132879,
    "dDurationMs": 3545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "cast in relief on the ends\nof lead alloy stocks."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136924,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They were handmade and expensive,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139051,
    "dDurationMs": 3629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the designs were as different\nas the people who carved their molds."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142805,
    "dDurationMs": 4171,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Standardization was not really possible\nuntil mass manufacturing"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146976,
    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the creation of an accessible\nword processing system."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 150521,
    "dDurationMs": 5464,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As for style, we can thank Nicolas Jenson\nfor developing two types of Roman font"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 155985,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that led to thousands of others,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 158321,
    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "including the familiar Times Roman."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161449,
    "dDurationMs": 2544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Something had to hold all this together,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164035,
    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and until the late 15th century,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 166495,
    "dDurationMs": 2128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "covers consisted of either wood,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168623,
    "dDurationMs": 2168,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or sheets of paper pasted together."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171167,
    "dDurationMs": 3420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These would eventually be replaced\nby rope fiber millboard,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174754,
    "dDurationMs": 4838,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "originally intended for high quality\nbindings in the late 17th century,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 179842,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but later as a less expensive option."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 182595,
    "dDurationMs": 3879,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And while today's mass produced\ncover illustrations are marketing tools,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 186557,
    "dDurationMs": 2961,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the cover designs of early books \nwere made to order."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 190436,
    "dDurationMs": 2085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even spines have a history."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192980,
    "dDurationMs": 3629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Initially, they were not considered\naesthetically important,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 196609,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the earliest ones were flat,\nrather than rounded."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 199946,
    "dDurationMs": 2419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The flat form made the books\neasier to read"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202365,
    "dDurationMs": 2878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by allowing the book to rest easily\non a table."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205493,
    "dDurationMs": 4463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But those spines were damaged\neasily from the stresses of normal use."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210081,
    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A rounded form solved that issue,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212667,
    "dDurationMs": 1626,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "although new problems arose,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214293,
    "dDurationMs": 2336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like having the book close\nin on itself."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217004,
    "dDurationMs": 2044,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But flexibility was more important,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 219048,
    "dDurationMs": 2044,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "especially for the on-the-go reader."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 222009,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As the book evolves\nand we replace bound texts"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225137,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with flat screens and electronic ink,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 228099,
    "dDurationMs": 2669,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are these objects and files really books?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 230935,
    "dDurationMs": 1418,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Does the feel of the cover"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232353,
    "dDurationMs": 3420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or the smell of the paper add something\ncrucial to the experience?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 235982,
    "dDurationMs": 2836,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or does the magic live only\nwithin the words,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238901,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "no matter what their presentation?"
    } ]
  } ]
}