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      "utf8": "The attacking infantry advances steadily,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "their elephants already having \nbroken the defensive line."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The king tries to retreat, but enemy \ncavalry flanks him from the rear."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Escape is impossible."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But this isn’t a real war–"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nor is it just a game."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Over the roughly one-and-a-half millennia \nof its existence,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "chess has been known as a tool \nof military strategy,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a metaphor for human affairs, \nand a benchmark of genius."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While our earliest records of chess \nare in the 7th century,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "legend tells that the game’s origins \nlie a century earlier."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Supposedly, when the youngest prince \nof the Gupta Empire was killed in battle,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4926,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "his brother devised a way of representing\nthe scene to their grieving mother."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6179,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Set on the 8x8 ashtapada board used for\nother popular pastimes,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a new game emerged with two key features:"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "different rules for moving \ndifferent types of pieces,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and a single king piece whose fate \ndetermined the outcome."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The game was originally \nknown as chaturanga–"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a Sanskrit word for \"four divisions.\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But with its spread to Sassanid Persia,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it acquired its current name \nand terminology–"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "\"chess,\" derived from \"shah,\" meaning \nking, and “checkmate” from \"shah mat,\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or “the king is helpless.”"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "After the 7th century Islamic conquest \nof Persia,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "chess was introduced to the Arab world."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Transcending its role as a \ntactical simulation,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it eventually became a rich source \nof poetic imagery."
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    "dDurationMs": 5170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Diplomats and courtiers used chess terms \nto describe political power."
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    "dDurationMs": 3611,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ruling caliphs became avid \nplayers themselves."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123765,
    "dDurationMs": 5350,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And historian al-Mas’udi considered the \ngame a testament to human free will"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129115,
    "dDurationMs": 2564,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "compared to games of chance."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Medieval trade along the Silk Road carried\nthe game to East and Southeast Asia,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where many local variants developed."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In China, chess pieces were placed at \nintersections of board squares"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144776,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "rather than inside them, as in the native \nstrategy game Go."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The reign of Mongol leader Tamerlane saw \nan 11x10 board"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with safe squares called citadels."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 157428,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And in Japanese shogi, captured pieces \ncould be used by the opposing player."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But it was in Europe that chess began to \ntake on its modern form."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By 1000 AD, the game had become part \nof courtly education."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Chess was used as an allegory"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for different social classes performing \ntheir proper roles,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178572,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the pieces were re-interpreted \nin their new context."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 182439,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At the same time, the Church remained \nsuspicious of games."
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      "utf8": "Moralists cautioned against devoting \ntoo much time to them,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with chess even being briefly \nbanned in France."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Yet the game proliferated,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the 15th century saw it cohering into\nthe form we know today."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The relatively weak piece of advisor was \nrecast as the more powerful queen–"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "perhaps inspired by the recent surge \nof strong female leaders."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This change accelerated the game’s pace,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and as other rules were popularized,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "treatises analyzing common openings \nand endgames appeared."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Chess theory was born."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With the Enlightenment era, the game \nmoved from royal courts to coffeehouses."
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      "utf8": "Chess was now seen as an expression \nof creativity,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "encouraging bold moves and dramatic plays."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This \"Romantic\" style reached its peak \nin the Immortal Game of 1851,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where Adolf Anderssen managed a checkmate"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "after sacrificing his queen \nand both rooks."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the emergence of formal competitive \nplay in the late 19th century"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "meant that strategic calculation would \neventually trump dramatic flair."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And with the rise of international \ncompetition,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "chess took on a new \ngeopolitical importance."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "During the Cold War,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the Soviet Union devoted great resources\nto cultivating chess talent,"
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    "tStartMs": 273585,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "dominating the championships for the rest \nof the century."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the player who would truly upset \nRussian dominance"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was not a citizen of another country"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but an IBM computer called Deep Blue."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Chess-playing computers had been \ndeveloped for decades,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but Deep Blue’s triumph \nover Garry Kasparov in 1997"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was the first time a machine \nhad defeated a sitting champion."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Today, chess software is capable of \nconsistently defeating"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the best human players."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But just like the game they’ve mastered,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "these machines are products \nof human ingenuity."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And perhaps that same ingenuity will guide\nus out of this apparent checkmate."
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