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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 7255,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle\nis one of a handful of ideas"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3874,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from quantum physics to \nexpand into general pop culture."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 14686,
    "dDurationMs": 3426,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It says that you can never simultaneously\nknow the exact position"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18112,
    "dDurationMs": 4781,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the exact speed of an object\nand shows up as a metaphor in everything"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22893,
    "dDurationMs": 3516,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from literary criticism\nto sports commentary."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26409,
    "dDurationMs": 3020,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Uncertainty is often explained as a result\nof measurement,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 29429,
    "dDurationMs": 5132,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that the act of measuring an object's\nposition changes its speed, or vice versa."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34561,
    "dDurationMs": 3817,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The real origin is much deeper\nand more amazing."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 38378,
    "dDurationMs": 3381,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Uncertainty Principle exists\nbecause everything in the universe"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 41759,
    "dDurationMs": 4559,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "behaves like both a particle and a wave\nat the same time."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46318,
    "dDurationMs": 4140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In quantum mechanics, the exact position\nand exact speed of an object"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 50458,
    "dDurationMs": 1438,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have no meaning."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51896,
    "dDurationMs": 1251,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To understand this,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53147,
    "dDurationMs": 3906,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we need to think about what it means\nto behave like a particle or a wave."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 57053,
    "dDurationMs": 4804,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Particles, by definition, exist in \na single place at any instant in time."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61857,
    "dDurationMs": 3429,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We can represent this by a graph\nshowing the probability of finding"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 65286,
    "dDurationMs": 3744,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the object at a particular place,\nwhich looks like a spike,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 69030,
    "dDurationMs": 4677,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "100% at one specific position,\nand zero everywhere else."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 73707,
    "dDurationMs": 3914,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Waves, on the other hand,\nare disturbances spread out in space,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77621,
    "dDurationMs": 2717,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like ripples covering \nthe surface of a pond."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80338,
    "dDurationMs": 3429,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We can clearly identify features\nof the wave pattern as a whole,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83767,
    "dDurationMs": 2166,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "most importantly, its wavelength,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 85933,
    "dDurationMs": 2707,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which is the distance between two \nneighboring peaks,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 88640,
    "dDurationMs": 1819,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or two neighboring valleys."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90459,
    "dDurationMs": 2558,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But we can't assign it a single position."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93017,
    "dDurationMs": 3265,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It has a good probability of \nbeing in lots of different places."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 96282,
    "dDurationMs": 2817,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wavelength is essential for\nquantum physics"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99099,
    "dDurationMs": 3320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because an object's wavelength\nis related to its momentum,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102419,
    "dDurationMs": 1605,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "mass times velocity."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104024,
    "dDurationMs": 2885,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A fast-moving object has lots of momentum,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 106909,
    "dDurationMs": 3110,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which corresponds to \na very short wavelength."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110019,
    "dDurationMs": 4540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A heavy object has lots of momentum\neven if it's not moving very fast,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 114559,
    "dDurationMs": 2597,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which again means a very short wavelength."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117156,
    "dDurationMs": 3771,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is why we don't notice\nthe wave nature of everyday objects."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120927,
    "dDurationMs": 1717,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you toss a baseball up in the air,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122644,
    "dDurationMs": 4385,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "its wavelength is a billionth of a \ntrillionth of a trillionth of a meter,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 127029,
    "dDurationMs": 2335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "far too tiny to ever detect."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129364,
    "dDurationMs": 2960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Small things, \nlike atoms or electrons though,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 132324,
    "dDurationMs": 3818,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "can have wavelengths big enough\nto measure in physics experiments."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136142,
    "dDurationMs": 3333,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, if we have a pure wave, \nwe can measure its wavelength,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139475,
    "dDurationMs": 3626,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and thus its momentum,\nbut it has no position."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 143101,
    "dDurationMs": 2147,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We can know a particles position\nvery well,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 145248,
    "dDurationMs": 3241,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it doesn't have a wavelength,\nso we don't know its momentum."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 148489,
    "dDurationMs": 3111,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To get a particle with both position\nand momentum,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 151600,
    "dDurationMs": 2160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we need to mix the two pictures"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153760,
    "dDurationMs": 3403,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to make a graph that has waves,\nbut only in a small area."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 157163,
    "dDurationMs": 1637,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How can we do this?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 158800,
    "dDurationMs": 2754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By combining waves \nwith different wavelengths,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161554,
    "dDurationMs": 4974,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which means giving our quantum object some\npossibility of having different momenta."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 166528,
    "dDurationMs": 2754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When we add two waves, \nwe find that there are places"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169282,
    "dDurationMs": 2773,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where the peaks line up,\nmaking a bigger wave,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 172055,
    "dDurationMs": 3766,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and other places where the peaks of one\nfill in the valleys of the other."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 175821,
    "dDurationMs": 2458,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The result has regions where\nwe see waves"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178279,
    "dDurationMs": 2827,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "separated by regions of nothing at all."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 181106,
    "dDurationMs": 1484,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If we add a third wave,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 182590,
    "dDurationMs": 3119,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the regions where the waves cancel out\nget bigger,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 185709,
    "dDurationMs": 4182,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a fourth and they get bigger still,\nwith the wavier regions becoming narrower."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189891,
    "dDurationMs": 3198,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If we keep adding waves,\nwe can make a wave packet"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193089,
    "dDurationMs": 3079,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with a clear wavelength\nin one small region."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 196168,
    "dDurationMs": 4056,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's a quantum object with both\nwave and particle nature,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200224,
    "dDurationMs": 3087,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but to accomplish this,\nwe had to lose certainty"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203311,
    "dDurationMs": 2494,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about both position and momentum."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205805,
    "dDurationMs": 2418,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The positions isn't restricted \nto a single point."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208223,
    "dDurationMs": 2695,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's a good probability\nof finding it within some range"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210918,
    "dDurationMs": 1919,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of the center of the wave packet,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212837,
    "dDurationMs": 2749,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and we made the wave packet\nby adding lots of waves,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 215586,
    "dDurationMs": 2426,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which means there's \nsome probability of finding it"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 218012,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the momentum corresponding\nto any one of those."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 221291,
    "dDurationMs": 3449,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Both position and momentum\nare now uncertain,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 224740,
    "dDurationMs": 2076,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the uncertainties are connected."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 226816,
    "dDurationMs": 2393,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you want to reduce \nthe position uncertainty"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229209,
    "dDurationMs": 3419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by making a smaller wave packet,\nyou need to add more waves,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232628,
    "dDurationMs": 2237,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which means a bigger momentum uncertainty."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234865,
    "dDurationMs": 3182,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you want to know the momentum better,\nyou need a bigger wave packet,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238047,
    "dDurationMs": 2965,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which means a bigger position uncertainty."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 241012,
    "dDurationMs": 2209,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 243221,
    "dDurationMs": 4986,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "first stated by German physicist\nWerner Heisenberg back in 1927."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248207,
    "dDurationMs": 4382,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This uncertainty isn't a matter\nof measuring well or badly,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252589,
    "dDurationMs": 4518,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but an inevitable result\nof combining particle and wave nature."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 257107,
    "dDurationMs": 3556,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Uncertainty Principle isn't just \na practical limit on measurment."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 260663,
    "dDurationMs": 3070,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's a limit on what properties \nan object can have,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4424,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "built into the fundamental structure\nof the universe itself."
    } ]
  } ]
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