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      "utf8": "On the internet, the algorithms are all around you."
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      "utf8": "You are watching this video because an algorithm brought it to you (among others) to click,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which you did, and the algorithm took note."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When you open the TweetBook, A the algorithm decides what you see."
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      "utf8": "When you search through your photos, A the algorithm does the finding."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Maybe even makes a little movie for you."
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      "utf8": "When you buy something, A the algorithm sets the price"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and A the algorithm is at your bank watching transactions for fraud."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The stock market is full of algorithms"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "trading with algorithms."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Given this, you might want to know how these little algorithmic bots shaping your world work,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34240,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "especially when they don't."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In Ye Olden Days,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "humans built algorithmic bots by giving them instructions the humans could explain."
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      "utf8": "\"If this, then that.\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But many problems are just too big and hard for a human to write simple instructions for."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's a gazillion financial transactions a second, which ones are fraudulent?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53560,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's octillion videos on NetMeTube."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 55980,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Which eight should the user see as recommendations? Which shouldn't be allowed on the site at all?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61680,
    "dDurationMs": 4260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For this airline seat, what is the maximum price this user will pay right now?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Algorithmic bots give answers to these questions."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not perfect answers,\nbut much better than a human could do."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But how these bots work exactly,\nmore and more, no one knows."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not even the humans who built them,"
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      "utf8": "or \"built them\","
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as we will see..."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now companies that use these bots\ndon't want to talk about how they work"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because the bots are valuable employees."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 85820,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Very, VERY valuable."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And how their brains are built is a fiercely guarded trade secret."
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      "utf8": "Right now the cutting edge is most likely very"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "'I hope you like linear algebra',"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but what the current hotness is on any particular site"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and how the bots work, \nis a bit \"I dunno\", and always will be."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So let's talk about one of the more quaint but understandable ways bots CAN be \"built\""
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105600,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "without understanding how their brains work."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Say you want a bot that can recognize\nwhat is in a picture."
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    "dDurationMs": 1980,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is it a bee, or is it a three?"
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      "utf8": "It's easy for humans (even little humans),"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it's impossible to just tell a bot \nin bot language how to do it,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because really we just know \nthat's a bee and that's a three."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We can say in words what makes them different, \nbut bots don't understand words."
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      "utf8": "And it's the wiring in our brains \nthat makes it happen anyway."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While an individual neuron may be understood, and clusters of neurons' general purpose vaguely grasped,"
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      "utf8": "the whole is beyond."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So to get a bot that can do this sorting,"
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    "dDurationMs": 1300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you don't build it yourself."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You build a bot that builds bots,\nand a bot that teaches bots."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These bots' brains are simpler,\nsomething a smart human programmer can make."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The builder bot builds bots, \nthough it's not very good at it."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At first it connects the wires and modules in the bot brains almost at random."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 159360,
    "dDurationMs": 2120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This leads to some very..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161480,
    "dDurationMs": 2960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "\"special\" student bots sent to teacher bot to teach."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Of course, teacher bot can't\ntell a bee from a three either;"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 167700,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "if the human could build teacher bot to do that, \nwell, then, problem solved."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171220,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Instead the human gives teacher bot a bunch of \"bee\" photos, and \"three\" photos,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174780,
    "dDurationMs": 2180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and an answer key to which is what."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Teacher bot can't teach,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178440,
    "dDurationMs": 2240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but teacher bot can TEST."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 180680,
    "dDurationMs": 3160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The adorkable student bots stick out their tongues, try very hard,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183849,
    "dDurationMs": 1931,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but they are bad at what they do."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 185780,
    "dDurationMs": 1380,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Very, VERY, bad."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 187160,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And it's not their fault, really, \nthey were built that way."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Grades in hand, the student bots take a march of shame back to builder bot."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193600,
    "dDurationMs": 2160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "those that did best are put to one side,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 195760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the others recycled."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197420,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Builder bot still isn't good at building bots,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 199700,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but now it takes those left\nand makes copies with changes in new combinations."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203520,
    "dDurationMs": 1960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Back to school they go."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Teacher bot teaches - er, tests again, and builder bot builds again."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208940,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And again, and again."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now a builder that builds at random, \nand a teacher that doesn't teach, just tests,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and students who can't learn, they just are what they are, in theory shouldn't work,"
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    "tStartMs": 218020,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but in practice, it does."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Partly because in every iteration, builder bot's slaughterhouse keeps the best and discards the rest,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225000,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and partly because teacher bot isn't overseeing an old-timey, one-room schoolhouse with a dozen students,"
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    "tStartMs": 230840,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but an infinite warehouse with thousands of students."
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    "tStartMs": 234480,
    "dDurationMs": 3260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The test isn't ten questions, but a million questions."
    } ]
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    "tStartMs": 237740,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And how many times does the test, build, test loop repeat?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 241420,
    "dDurationMs": 2500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As many as necessary."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 243940,
    "dDurationMs": 2639,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At first students that survive are just lucky,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 246579,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but by combining enough lucky bots, and keeping only what works,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and randomly messing around with new copies of that"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 253240,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "eventually a student bot emerges that isn't lucky,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 256020,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that can perhaps barely tell bees from threes."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 259660,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As this bot is copied and changed,\nslowly the average test score rises,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 263320,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and thus the grade needed to survive the next round gets higher and higher."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 267660,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Keep this up and eventually from the infinite warehouse"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "(slaughterhouse)"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 271100,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a student bot will emerge, who can tell a bee from a three in a photo it's never seen before pretty well."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But how the student bot does this, neither the teacher bot nor the builder bot,"
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    "tStartMs": 280760,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nor the human overseer, can understand."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Nor the student bot itself."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "After keeping so many useful random changes,\nthe wiring in its head is incredibly complicated,"
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      "utf8": "and while an individual line of code may be understood, and clusters of code's general purpose vaguely grasped,"
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      "utf8": "But this is frustrating, especially as the student bot is very good at exactly"
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    "tStartMs": 305220,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "only the kinds of questions it's been taught to."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 308000,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's great with photos, but useless with videos or baffled if the photos are upside down,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 313520,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or things that are obviously not bees, it's confident are."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Since teacher bot can't teach,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 318520,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all the human overseer can do is give it more questions, to make the test even longer,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 323240,
    "dDurationMs": 3480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to include the kinds of questions the best bots get wrong."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 326720,
    "dDurationMs": 1920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is important to understand."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's a reason why companies are \nobsessed with collecting data."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 332540,
    "dDurationMs": 3320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "More data equals longer tests equals better bots."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 335860,
    "dDurationMs": 3000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So when you get the \"Are you human?\" test on a website,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 338860,
    "dDurationMs": 2600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you are not only proving that you are human, \n(hopefully),"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but you are also helping to build the test to make bots that can read, or count,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or tell lakes from mountains, or horses from humans."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 347640,
    "dDurationMs": 2440,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Seeing lots of questions about driving lately?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 350080,
    "dDurationMs": 2800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hmm...! What could that be building a test for?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 352880,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now figuring out what's in a photo, or on a sign, or filtering videos,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "requires humans to make correct enough tests."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But there is another kind of test that makes itself."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 362220,
    "dDurationMs": 2300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Tests ON the humans."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 364520,
    "dDurationMs": 6660,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, say entirely hypothetical NetMeTube wanted users to keep watching as long as possible?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 371180,
    "dDurationMs": 3360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Well, how long a user stays on the site is easy to measure."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 374540,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, teacher bot gives each student bot a bunch of NetMeTube users to oversee,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 378620,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the student bots watch what their user watches, looks at their files,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 381580,
    "dDurationMs": 3240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and do their best to pick the videos\nthat keep the user on the site."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 384820,
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      "utf8": "The longer the average, the higher their test score."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 387300,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Build, test, repeat."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A million cycles later, there's a student bot who's pretty good at keeping the users watching,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 394040,
    "dDurationMs": 2600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "at least compared to what a human could build."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But when people ask:\n\"How does the NetMeTube algorithm select videos?\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Once again, there isn't a great answer other than pointing to the bot,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 404040,
    "dDurationMs": 2100,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the user data it had access to,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 406140,
    "dDurationMs": 5280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and most vitally, how the human overseers \ndirect teacher bot to score the test."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 411420,
    "dDurationMs": 3380,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's what the bot is trying to be good at to survive."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 414800,
    "dDurationMs": 4620,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what the bot is thinking, or how it thinks it,\nis not really knowable."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 419420,
    "dDurationMs": 3580,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All that's knowable is this student bot\ngets to be the algorithm,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 423000,
    "dDurationMs": 6160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because it's point one percent better than the previous bot at the test the humans designed."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 429160,
    "dDurationMs": 4620,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So everywhere on the internet, behind the scenes,\nthere are tests to increase user interaction,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 433780,
    "dDurationMs": 3460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or set prices just right to maximize revenue,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 437240,
    "dDurationMs": 4940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or pick the posts from all your friends you'll like the most, or articles people will share the most, or whatever."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 442180,
    "dDurationMs": 2660,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If it's testable, it's teachable. Well, \"teachable\","
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 444840,
    "dDurationMs": 5060,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and a student bot will graduate from the warehouse \nto be the algorithm of its domain."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 449900,
    "dDurationMs": 1640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At least, for a little while."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 451540,
    "dDurationMs": 4900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We're used to the idea that the tools we use, even if we don't understand them, someone does,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 456440,
    "dDurationMs": 4540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but with our machines that learn we are increasingly in a position where we use tools,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 460980,
    "dDurationMs": 1480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or are used by tools,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 462460,
    "dDurationMs": 3260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that no one, not even their creators, understand."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 465720,
    "dDurationMs": 3500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We can only hope to guide them with the tests we make,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 469220,
    "dDurationMs": 1720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and we need to get comfortable with that,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 470940,
    "dDurationMs": 5080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as our algorithmic bot buddies are all around, \nand not going anywhere."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 478240,
    "dDurationMs": 1900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "OK. The bots are watching."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 480700,
    "dDurationMs": 1260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You know what's coming."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 482320,
    "dDurationMs": 2160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is where I need to ask you..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 484920,
    "dDurationMs": 780,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To like..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 486180,
    "dDurationMs": 880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "comment..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 487500,
    "dDurationMs": 1320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "...and subscribe."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 489480,
    "dDurationMs": 1140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And bell me."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 491300,
    "dDurationMs": 1740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And share on the TweetBook."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 493760,
    "dDurationMs": 1380,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The algorithm is watching."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 495780,
    "dDurationMs": 2420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It won't show people the video..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 498200,
    "dDurationMs": 1360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "unless you do this."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 501180,
    "dDurationMs": 1880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Look what you've reduced me to, bots."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 504260,
    "dDurationMs": 2080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What do you want? Do you want watch time?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 506340,
    "dDurationMs": 1260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is that what you want?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 508120,
    "dDurationMs": 700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Fine."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 510300,
    "dDurationMs": 3960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "(sigh...) Hey guys, did you know I also have podcasts you can listen to?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 514260,
    "dDurationMs": 5940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Maybe even just in the background while you're tidying up your all room for hours? Or whatever?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 520600,
    "dDurationMs": 6420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's hours of audio entertainment for you, \nand watch time for the bots overseeing your actions."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 527020,
    "dDurationMs": 2880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Go ahead and - and take a click.\nEntertain yourself."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 530520,
    "dDurationMs": 820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Help me."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 531740,
    "dDurationMs": 1680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Help the bots."
    } ]
  } ]
}