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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You're swimming in the ocean\nwhen something brushes your leg."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1668,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When the tingling sets in,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 12352,
    "dDurationMs": 3431,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you realize you've been stung \nby a jellyfish."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 15783,
    "dDurationMs": 4964,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How do these beautiful, gelatinous\ncreatures pack such a painful punch?"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Jellyfish are soft \nbecause they are 95% water"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 24361,
    "dDurationMs": 4884,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and are mostly made of a translucent \ngel-like substance called mesoglea."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With such delicate bodies,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they rely on thousands of venom-containing\nstinging cells called cnidocytes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35770,
    "dDurationMs": 2364,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for protection and prey capture."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 38134,
    "dDurationMs": 3151,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even baby jellyfish, \nthe size of a pencil eraser,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2410,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have the ability to sting."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 43695,
    "dDurationMs": 5868,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Larval jellyfish, ephyrae, look like\ntiny flowers pulsating in the sea."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3473,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As they grow, they become umbrella-shaped\nwith a bell at the top"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53036,
    "dDurationMs": 2709,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and descending tentacles \naround the margin."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2747,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The largest species of jellyfish,\nthe lion's mane,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "has tentacles that can extend \nmore than 100 feet,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62348,
    "dDurationMs": 1961,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "longer than a blue whale."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 64309,
    "dDurationMs": 2989,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These tentacles contain \nmost of the stinging cells,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67298,
    "dDurationMs": 3872,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "although some species have them\non their bells, too."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Venom is ejected via a nematocyst,"
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    "tStartMs": 74358,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a whip-like hollow tubule,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 76474,
    "dDurationMs": 3974,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which lies coiled under \nhigh osmotic pressure."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80448,
    "dDurationMs": 4469,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When mechanical or chemical stimuli\nactivate an external trigger,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 84917,
    "dDurationMs": 4082,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the lid of the cell pops open\nand sea water rushes in."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3828,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This forces a microscopic barbed\nharpoon to shoot out,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 92827,
    "dDurationMs": 4574,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "penetrate and inject \nvenom into its victim."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97401,
    "dDurationMs": 4151,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Nematocyst discharge can occur\nin less than a millionth of a second,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101552,
    "dDurationMs": 3910,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making it one of nature's fastest\nbiomechanical processes."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Nematocysts can continue\nto fire even after a jellyfish has died,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4040,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so it's important to remove\nlingering tentacles stuck to the skin."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Rinsing with vinegar will usually render\nundischarged nematocysts inactive."
    } ]
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    "dDurationMs": 3824,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Seawater can also help \nremove residual nematocysts."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But don't use fresh water\nbecause any change in salt balance"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126092,
    "dDurationMs": 3278,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "alters the osmotic pressure \noutside of the cnidocyte"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129370,
    "dDurationMs": 2952,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and will trigger the nematocyst to fire."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 132322,
    "dDurationMs": 3977,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's why urinating on the affected area,\na common folk remedy,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136299,
    "dDurationMs": 5238,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may do more harm that good,\ndepending on the composition of the urine."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 141537,
    "dDurationMs": 3086,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Most jellyfish stings \nare a painful nuisance,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144623,
    "dDurationMs": 1865,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but some can be deadly."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "An Indo-Pacific box jelly,\nalso called a sea wasp,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "releases venom which can cause\ncontraction of the heart muscles"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and rapid death in large doses."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's an anti-venom,\nbut the venom is fast-acting,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so you'd need immediate \nmedical intervention."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Despite the impressive power\nin their tentacles,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "jellies aren't invincible."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Their stinging cells are no match\nfor the armor of thick-skin predators,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 170901,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like the leatherback turtle\nand ocean sunfish."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These predators both have adaptations\nthat prevents slippery jellyfish"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from escaping after they are engulfed:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 181554,
    "dDurationMs": 3427,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "backwards pointing spines \nin the turtle's mouth and esophagus"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 184981,
    "dDurationMs": 3585,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and recurved teeth \nbehind the sunfish's cheeks."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 188566,
    "dDurationMs": 4007,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even tiny lobster slipper larvae\ncan cling to the bell of a jellyfish"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192573,
    "dDurationMs": 1542,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and hitch a ride,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 194115,
    "dDurationMs": 4239,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "snacking on the jelly while they preserve\ntheir own energy for growth."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 198354,
    "dDurationMs": 4447,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Small agile fish use the jellies\nas moving reefs for protection,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202801,
    "dDurationMs": 3972,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "darting between tentacles\nwithout ever touching them."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 206773,
    "dDurationMs": 3697,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Nudibranchs, which are sea slugs\ncovered in protective slime,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210470,
    "dDurationMs": 3673,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "can actually steal the jelly's defenses\nby eating the cnidocytes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214143,
    "dDurationMs": 3620,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and transferring them \nto specialized sacks for later use,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217763,
    "dDurationMs": 2507,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as weapons against their own predators."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220270,
    "dDurationMs": 3343,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even humans might benefit\nfrom the sting of a jellyfish one day."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4209,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Scientists are working on manipulating\ncnidocytes to deliver medicine,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 227822,
    "dDurationMs": 4651,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with nematocysts rarely 3% of the size\nof a typical syringe needle."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, the next time you're out \nin the ocean, be careful."
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      "utf8": "But also, take a second \nto marvel at its wonders."
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