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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "One of the most remarkable aspects\nof the human brain"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 10023,
    "dDurationMs": 3628,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is its ability to recognize patterns\nand describe them."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 13675,
    "dDurationMs": 2656,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Among the hardest patterns\nwe've tried to understand"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 16355,
    "dDurationMs": 4410,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is the concept of\nturbulent flow in fluid dynamics."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 20789,
    "dDurationMs": 2483,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The German physicist\nWerner Heisenberg said,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 23296,
    "dDurationMs": 4061,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "\"When I meet God,\nI'm going to ask him two questions:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27381,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "why relativity and why turbulence?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30842,
    "dDurationMs": 4066,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "I really believe he will have\nan answer for the first.\""
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As difficult as turbulence is\nto understand mathematically,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 38304,
    "dDurationMs": 3866,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we can use art to depict the way it looks."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 42194,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In June 1889, Vincent van Gogh\npainted the view just before sunrise"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 47308,
    "dDurationMs": 4327,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from the window of his room\nat the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51659,
    "dDurationMs": 1905,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53588,
    "dDurationMs": 3228,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where he'd admitted himself after\nmutilating his own ear"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 56840,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in a psychotic episode."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 59312,
    "dDurationMs": 2720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In \"The Starry Night,\"\nhis circular brushstrokes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62056,
    "dDurationMs": 5747,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "create a night sky filled\nwith swirling clouds and eddies of stars."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67827,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Van Gogh and other Impressionists\nrepresented light in a different way"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 71748,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "than their predecessors,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 72979,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "seeming to capture\nits motion, for instance,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "across sun-dappled waters,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77860,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or here in star light\nthat twinkles and melts"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 81530,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "through milky waves of blue night sky."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 84844,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The effect is caused by luminance,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87415,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the intensity of the light\nin the colors on the canvas."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90940,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The more primitive part\nof our visual cortex,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93632,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which sees light contrast\nand motion, but not color,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97578,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "will blend two differently\ncolored areas together"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "if they have the same luminance."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102973,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But our brains' primate subdivision"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105352,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "will see the contrasting colors\nwithout blending."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 108506,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With these two interpretations\nhappening at once,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 111457,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the light in many Impressionist works\nseems to pulse, flicker and radiate oddly."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117898,
    "dDurationMs": 2302,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's how this\nand other Impressionist works"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120225,
    "dDurationMs": 2817,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "use quickly executed\nprominent brushstrokes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123067,
    "dDurationMs": 3666,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to capture something strikingly real\nabout how light moves."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 127702,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sixty years later, Russian\nmathematician Andrey Kolmogorov"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131206,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "furthered our mathematical\nunderstanding of turbulence"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133787,
    "dDurationMs": 4346,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "when he proposed that energy\nin a turbulent fluid at length R"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138157,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "varies in proportion to\nthe 5/3rds power of R."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Experimental measurements show Kolmogorov"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144469,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was remarkably close\nto the way turbulent flow works,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147656,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "although a complete description\nof turbulence"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "remains one of the unsolved\nproblems in physics."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A turbulent flow is self-similar\nif there is an energy cascade."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In other words, big eddies\ntransfer their energy to smaller eddies,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which do likewise at other scales."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 163921,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Examples of this include\nJupiter's Great Red Spot,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 167228,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "cloud formations\nand interstellar dust particles."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171671,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In 2004, using the Hubble Space Telescope,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "scientists saw the eddies of a distant\ncloud of dust and gas around a star,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it reminded them\nof Van Gogh's \"Starry Night.\""
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183961,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This motivated scientists\nfrom Mexico, Spain and England"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 187193,
    "dDurationMs": 3377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to study the luminance\nin Van Gogh's paintings in detail."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They discovered that there is a distinct\npattern of turbulent fluid structures"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 195700,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "close to Kolmogorov's equation\nhidden in many of Van Gogh's paintings."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The researchers digitized the paintings,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203224,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and measured how brightness varies\nbetween any two pixels."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "From the curves measured\nfor pixel separations,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 209689,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they concluded that paintings from\nVan Gogh's period of psychotic agitation"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "behave remarkably similar\nto fluid turbulence."
    } ]
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    "tStartMs": 217987,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "His self-portrait with a pipe, from\na calmer period in Van Gogh's life,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "showed no sign of this correspondence."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And neither did other artists' work"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that seemed equally\nturbulent at first glance,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like Munch's \"The Scream.\""
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While it's too easy to say\nVan Gogh's turbulent genius"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "enabled him to depict turbulence,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 237092,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's also far too difficult to accurately\nexpress the rousing beauty of the fact"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that in a period of intense suffering,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Van Gogh was somehow\nable to perceive and represent"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 247931,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "one of the most supremely\ndifficult concepts"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nature has ever brought before mankind,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and to unite his unique mind's eye"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the deepest mysteries\nof movement, fluid and light."
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