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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français? \n你会说中文吗？"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you answered, \"sí,\" \"oui,\" or \"会\"\nand you're watching this in English,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18333,
    "dDurationMs": 5136,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "chances are you belong to the world's\nbilingual and multilingual majority."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 23469,
    "dDurationMs": 2094,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And besides having \nan easier time traveling"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 25563,
    "dDurationMs": 1908,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or watching movies without subtitles,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27471,
    "dDurationMs": 2424,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "knowing two or more languages\nmeans that your brain"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 29895,
    "dDurationMs": 4882,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may actually look and work differently\nthan those of your monolingual friends."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34777,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So what does it really \nmean to know a language?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Language ability is typically measured\nin two active parts, speaking and writing,"
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    "tStartMs": 43133,
    "dDurationMs": 3852,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and two passive parts, \nlistening and reading."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While a balanced bilingual has near equal"
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    "tStartMs": 49655,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "abilities across the board \nin two languages,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 52377,
    "dDurationMs": 3383,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "most bilinguals around the world\nknow and use their languages"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 55760,
    "dDurationMs": 2221,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in varying proportions."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And depending on their situation\nand how they acquired each language,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61612,
    "dDurationMs": 3303,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they can be classified into\nthree general types."
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    "tStartMs": 64915,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, let's take Gabriella,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "whose family immigrates to the US \nfrom Peru when she's two-years old."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As a compound bilingual,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Gabriella develops two linguistic \ncodes simultaneously,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with a single set of concepts,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "learning both English and Spanish"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3193,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as she begins to process \nthe world around her."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Her teenage brother, on the other hand,\nmight be a coordinate bilingual,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89162,
    "dDurationMs": 2176,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "working with two sets of concepts,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 91338,
    "dDurationMs": 1862,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "learning English in school,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93200,
    "dDurationMs": 3564,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while continuing to speak Spanish\nat home and with friends."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 96764,
    "dDurationMs": 5081,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Finally, Gabriella's parents are likely\nto be subordinate bilinguals"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101845,
    "dDurationMs": 1565,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who learn a secondary language"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 103410,
    "dDurationMs": 2788,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by filtering it through\ntheir primary language."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 106198,
    "dDurationMs": 4017,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Because all types of bilingual people\ncan become fully proficient in a language"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "regardless of accent or pronunciation,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the difference may not be apparent\nto a casual observer."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But recent advances \nin brain imaging technology"
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    "tStartMs": 118619,
    "dDurationMs": 2240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have given neurolinguists a glimpse"
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    "tStartMs": 120859,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "into how specific aspects of language\nlearning affect the bilingual brain."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's well known that the brain's\nleft hemisphere is more dominant"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and analytical in logical processes,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131622,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while the right hemisphere is more active\nin emotional and social ones,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "though this is a matter of degree,\nnot an absolute split."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The fact that language involves\nboth types of functions"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while lateralization develops\ngradually with age,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "has lead to the critical \nperiod hypothesis."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "According to this theory,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "children learn languages more easily"
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      "utf8": "because the plasticity \nof their developing brains"
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      "utf8": "lets them use both hemispheres\nin language acquisition,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while in most adults, language \nis lateralized to one hemisphere,"
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      "utf8": "usually the left."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If this is true, learning a language\nin childhood"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may give you a more holistic grasp\nof its social and emotional contexts."
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    "tStartMs": 172480,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Conversely, recent research showed"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that people who learned \na second language in adulthood"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "exhibit less emotional bias\nand a more rational approach"
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      "utf8": "when confronting problems\nin the second language"
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    "tStartMs": 183811,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "than in their native one."
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      "utf8": "But regardless of when you acquire\nadditional languages,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "being multilingual gives your brain\nsome remarkable advantages."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some of these are even visible,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "such as higher density of the grey matter"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that contains most of your brain's \nneurons and synapses,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and more activity in certain regions\nwhen engaging a second language."
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      "utf8": "The heightened workout a bilingual\nbrain receives throughout its life"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "can also help delay the onset of diseases,\nlike Alzheimer's and dementia"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by as much as five years."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The idea of major cognitive \nbenefits to bilingualism"
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      "utf8": "may seem intuitive now,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it would have surprised \nearlier experts."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Before the 1960s, bilingualism\nwas considered a handicap"
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      "utf8": "that slowed a child's development"
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      "utf8": "a view based largely on flawed studies."
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      "utf8": "that reaction times and errors increase\nfor some bilingual students"
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      "utf8": "in cross-language tests,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it also showed that the effort\nand attention needed"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and potentially strengthened,\nthe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is the part of the brain\nthat plays a large role"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in executive function, problem solving,\nswitching between tasks,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and focusing while filtering out\nirrelevant information."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, while bilingualism may not\nnecessarily make you smarter,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it does make your brain more healthy,\ncomplex and actively engaged,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and even if you didn't have \nthe good fortune"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of learning a second language as a child,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's never too late to do \nyourself a favor"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 277794,
    "dDurationMs": 2778,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and make the linguistic \nleap from, \"Hello,\""
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 280572,
    "dDurationMs": 2987,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to, \"Hola,\" \"Bonjour\" or \"你好’s\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because when it comes to our brains\na little exercise can go a long way."
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