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      "utf8": "Imagine you and a friend are \nstrolling through an art exhibit"
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      "utf8": "The vibrant red appears to you \nas a symbol of love,"
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      "utf8": "but your friend is convinced \nit's a symbol of war."
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      "utf8": "And where you see stars in a romantic sky,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "your friend interprets global \nwarming-inducing pollutants."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To settle the debate, you turn to the\ninternet, where you read"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that the painting is a replica of \nthe artist's first-grade art project:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Red was her favorite color \nand the silver dots are fairies."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You now know the exact intentions \nthat led to the creation of this work."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Are you wrong to have enjoyed it \nas something the artist didn’t intend?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Do you enjoy it less now \nthat you know the truth?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Just how much should \nthe artist's intention"
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      "utf8": "affect your interpretation \nof the painting?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's a question that's been tossed around"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by philosophers and art critics for \ndecades, with no consensus in sight."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the mid-20th century,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "literary critic W.K. Wimsatt and \nphilosopher Monroe Beardsley"
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      "utf8": "They called this the Intentional Fallacy:"
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      "utf8": "the belief that valuing an artist's \nintentions was misguided."
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      "utf8": "Their argument was twofold:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "First, the artists we study are \nno longer living,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "never recorded their intentions,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or are simply unavailable to answer \nquestions about their work."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Second, even if there were a bounty \nof relevant information,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wimsatt and Beardsley believed"
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      "utf8": "it would distract us from the \nqualities of the work itself."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They compared art to a dessert:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When you taste a pudding,"
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    "segs": [ {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All that matters, they said, \nis that the pudding \"works.\""
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Of course, what \"works\" for one person \nmight not \"work\" for another."
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      "utf8": "And since different interpretations \nappeal to different people,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the silver dots in our painting could be \nreasonably interpreted as fairies,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133268,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "stars, or pollutants."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By Wimsatt and Beardsley's logic, the\nartist's interpretation of her own work"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "would just be one among many equally\nacceptable possibilities."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you find this problematic,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you might be more in line with Steven \nKnapp and Walter Benn Michaels,"
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      "utf8": "two literary theorists who rejected the\nIntentional Fallacy."
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      "utf8": "They argued that an artist's \nintended meaning"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, suppose you're \nwalking along a beach"
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      "utf8": "Knapp and Michaels believed the \npoem would lose all meaning"
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      "utf8": "but an odd coincidence \nproduced by the waves."
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      "utf8": "is what makes the poem subject to \nunderstanding at all."
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      "utf8": "suggesting that intention is just one \npiece in a larger puzzle."
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      "utf8": "arguing that an artist's intentions are \nrelevant to their audience"
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      "utf8": "the same way a speaker's intentions"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Carroll said to imagine someone holding\na cigarette and asking for a match."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You respond by handing them a lighter,"
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      "utf8": "gathering that their motivation is to \nlight their cigarette."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The words they used to ask the question \nare important,"
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      "utf8": "but the intentions behind the question \ndictate your understanding and ultimately,"
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      "utf8": "So which end of this spectrum \ndo you lean towards?"
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