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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "One of the most amazing facts \nin physics is this:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "everything in the universe, from light\nto electrons to atoms,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "behaves like both a particle and a wave\nat the same time."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 18343,
    "dDurationMs": 3282,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All of the other weird stuff you might\nhave heard about quantum physics,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 21625,
    "dDurationMs": 4924,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Schrodinger's Cat, God playing dice,\nspooky action at a distance,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26549,
    "dDurationMs": 2198,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all of it follows directly from the fact"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4614,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that everything has both \nparticle and wave nature."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 33361,
    "dDurationMs": 1351,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This might sound crazy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34712,
    "dDurationMs": 3631,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you look around, you'll see waves\nin water and particles of rock,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 38343,
    "dDurationMs": 1415,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and they're nothing alike."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2118,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So why would you think to combine them?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 41876,
    "dDurationMs": 4479,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Physicists didn't just decide to mash\nthese things together out of no where."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46355,
    "dDurationMs": 3084,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Rather, they were led to \nthe dual nature of the universe"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 49439,
    "dDurationMs": 2448,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "through a process of small steps,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51887,
    "dDurationMs": 4244,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "fitting together lots of bits of evidence,\nlike pieces in a puzzle."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4241,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The first person to seriously \nsuggest the dual nature of light"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 60372,
    "dDurationMs": 2706,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was Albert Einstein in 1905,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3573,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but he was picking up an \nearlier idea from Max Planck."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Planck explained the colors of light\nemitted by hot objects,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 69814,
    "dDurationMs": 1999,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like the filament in a light bulb,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 71813,
    "dDurationMs": 2451,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but to do it, he needed a desperate trick:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 74264,
    "dDurationMs": 2800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "he said the object was \nmade up of oscillators"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77064,
    "dDurationMs": 3023,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that could only emit light\nin discrete chunks,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80087,
    "dDurationMs": 3463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "units of energy that depend on \nthe frequency of the light."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Planck was never really happy with this,\nbut Einstein picked it up and ran with it."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3349,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He applied Planck's idea to light itself,\nsaying that light,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 91683,
    "dDurationMs": 4496,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which everybody knew was a wave,\nis really a stream of photons,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 96179,
    "dDurationMs": 2390,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "each with a discrete amount of energy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98569,
    "dDurationMs": 5428,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Einstein himself called this\nthe only truly revolutionary thing he did,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 103997,
    "dDurationMs": 5125,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it explains the way light shining on \na metal surface knocks loose electrons."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109122,
    "dDurationMs": 4274,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even people who hated the idea\nhad to agree that it works brilliantly."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The next puzzle piece came from \nErnest Rutherford in England."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4832,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In 1909, Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger,\nworking for Rutherford,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 121990,
    "dDurationMs": 2935,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "shot alpha particles at gold atoms"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124925,
    "dDurationMs": 4058,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and were stunned to find that some\nbounced straight backwards."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128983,
    "dDurationMs": 5058,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This showed that most of the mass of the \natom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134041,
    "dDurationMs": 2339,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The cartoon atom you learn \nin grade school,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136380,
    "dDurationMs": 3001,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with electrons orbiting\nlike a miniature solar system,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139381,
    "dDurationMs": 1880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that's Rutherford's."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 141261,
    "dDurationMs": 3426,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's one little problem with\nRutherford's atom: it can't work."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Classical physics tells us\nthat an electron"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146733,
    "dDurationMs": 2430,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "whipping around in a circle emits light,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 149163,
    "dDurationMs": 3909,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and we use this all the time\nto generate radio waves and X-rays."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153072,
    "dDurationMs": 4477,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Rutherford's atoms should spray X-rays\nin all directions for a brief instant"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 157549,
    "dDurationMs": 3587,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "before the electron spirals in\nto crash into the nucleus."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But Niels Bohr, a Danish theoretical\nphysicist working with Rutherford,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "pointed out that atoms obviously exist,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168481,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "so maybe the rules of physics \nneeded to change."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Bohr proposed that an electron\nin certain special orbits"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174818,
    "dDurationMs": 2666,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "doesn't emit any light at all."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 177484,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Atoms absorb and emit light\nonly when electrons change orbits,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 181666,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the frequency of the light\ndepends on the energy difference"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in just the way Planck\nand Einstein introduced."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Bohr's atom fixes Rutherford's problem"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and explains why atoms emit only\nvery specific colors of light."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 195327,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each element has its own special orbits,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197454,
    "dDurationMs": 2987,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and thus its own unique\nset of frequencies."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200441,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The Bohr model has one tiny problem:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202829,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "there's no reason for \nthose orbits to be special."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2890,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But Louis de Broglie, \na French PhD student,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208631,
    "dDurationMs": 2029,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "brought everything full circle."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210660,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He pointed out that if light,\nwhich everyone knew is a wave,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 213908,
    "dDurationMs": 1575,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "behaves like a particle,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "maybe the electron, \nwhich everyone knew is a particle,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 218695,
    "dDurationMs": 2140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "behaves like a wave."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220835,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And if electrons are waves,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 222538,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's easy to explain Bohr's rule\nfor picking out the special orbits."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Once you have the idea that \nelectrons behave like waves,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229360,
    "dDurationMs": 1687,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you can go look for it."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 231047,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And within a few years, \nscientists in the US and UK"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234406,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "had observed wave behavior from electrons."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 237289,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These days we have a wonderfully clear\ndemonstration of this:"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 240487,
    "dDurationMs": 4150,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "shooting single electrons at a barrier\nwith slits cut in it."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244637,
    "dDurationMs": 4027,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each electron is detected \nat a specific place at a specific time,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248664,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like a particle."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 250119,
    "dDurationMs": 2188,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But when you repeat the experiment\nmany times,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252307,
    "dDurationMs": 4275,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all the individual electrons trace out\na pattern of stripes,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 256582,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "characteristic of wave behavior."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 258902,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The idea that particles behave like waves,\nand vice versa,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 262035,
    "dDurationMs": 3703,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is one of the strangest\nand most powerful in physics."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 265738,
    "dDurationMs": 1699,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Richard Feynman famously said"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 267437,
    "dDurationMs": 3815,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that this illustrates the central mystery\nof quantum mechanics."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 271252,
    "dDurationMs": 2055,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Everything else follows from this,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2685,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like pieces of a puzzle \nfalling into place."
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