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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Consciousness is perhaps the biggest riddle in nature."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Stripped to its core meaning,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "consciousness is what allows us to be aware\nboth of our surroundings and of our own inner state."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But thinking about consciousness has\nthis habit of taking us round in circles."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3100,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We all intuitively know what consciousness is."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's this..."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's what you're experiencing here, right now."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But once we try to pinpoint just what exactly it is,\nit leaves us grasping at thin air."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34600,
    "dDurationMs": 6200,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And not just us, philosophers and scientists\nstruggle to define consciousness."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Different schools and ideas compete with one another,\nbut no one has come close to figuring it out."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It's unsettling to realise that we don't understand\nwhat makes us aware of ourselves and the world."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In this fuzzy area, consciousness and intelligence\nare also related, although they are not the same."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61360,
    "dDurationMs": 5700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We'll talk in greater depth about theories of consciousness and intelligence in other videos."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 67060,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Like much of what makes us human,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 69160,
    "dDurationMs": 4040,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "our consciousness is likely to have\nevolved from less complex forms,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 73200,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as a product of evolution by natural selection."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77120,
    "dDurationMs": 6160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It has probably emerged from an immense several\n100 million years sequence of countless micro steps,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83280,
    "dDurationMs": 4280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that together make up a sort of\ngradient of consciousness."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87560,
    "dDurationMs": 3680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What was the first step on this\npath from the non-conscious"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to the basic consciousness that ultimately led to the convoluted consciousness we humans enjoy today?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98400,
    "dDurationMs": 9600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[Intro]"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109200,
    "dDurationMs": 1340,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Take a stone."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The consensus is that a stone is not conscious.\nThough, not everyone agrees even on this."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117480,
    "dDurationMs": 5440,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some panpsychists claim that\na lump of rock may have an inner life."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122920,
    "dDurationMs": 6760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "However, there are no real grounds for any such\nassumption since stones never show behaviour."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129680,
    "dDurationMs": 4720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Their inner life can neither be proven nor disproven."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134400,
    "dDurationMs": 3420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A more common starting point is with the living things."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A living thing, or a self, is a part of the universe\nthat sustains itself and makes more of its kind."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144500,
    "dDurationMs": 2780,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To do so, it needs energy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147280,
    "dDurationMs": 4900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And this is where an awareness\nof the world comes in handy."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The original function of consciousness was probably\nto direct a mobile self that was short of energy"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 158624,
    "dDurationMs": 3176,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to a fresh supply of food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161800,
    "dDurationMs": 6380,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "On the smaller scales of life,\nyou don't need to be aware to find food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168180,
    "dDurationMs": 6180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Trichopax adhaerens - one of the simplest\nof all animals moves around haphazardly."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174360,
    "dDurationMs": 4900,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It slows down in the presence of food,\nand speeds up in its absence."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 179260,
    "dDurationMs": 5240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is highly effective, and makes the tiny creature\nspend more time where there is food"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 184500,
    "dDurationMs": 3000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "spend more time where there is food\nthan where there is not."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 187500,
    "dDurationMs": 4740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But it never moves in a particular \ndirection towards a particular target,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192240,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and there's no need for it to be\nconscious of its environment."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The first major step towards consciousness"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was probably taken when mobile selves\nstarted to move themselves directionally."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205460,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Moving towards what was good for them, \nsay food, and away from what was less good,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 211180,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "say someone else who thought that they were food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 215020,
    "dDurationMs": 5120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Take Dugesia tigrina - a tiny worm\nknown for its funny face."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220140,
    "dDurationMs": 3640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Sometimes the worm is hungry, and sometimes not."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This means that when it moves,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the worm self is not simply producing an\nautomatic response to an external stimulus,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but that its actions depend\nupon its inner, physiological state,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234960,
    "dDurationMs": 3660,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "whether it's hungry or sated."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238620,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When it's just eaten,\nthe worm is less energetic,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but when starved for a while,\nit will move itself in the direction of tasty things."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 248220,
    "dDurationMs": 4220,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It uses chemoreceptors on its head\nto smell its environment,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252440,
    "dDurationMs": 4360,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and guide it in the direction\nwhere the scent of food is strongest."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 256800,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "After finding and eating a meal, our worm buddy heads\nback to a dark sheltered spot to digest it in safety,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 264620,
    "dDurationMs": 2100,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "until it's hungry again."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But animals that blindly follow their sense of smell\ndon't have a concrete objective in view."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They still lack any sense of where they are heading."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, the next step on the ladder of consciousness\nis to add some perception at a distance,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 283420,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like vision."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Vision adds context and depth to our world."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With vision comes a sense of\nthe space we and our food exists in."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 294280,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It adds a whole new dimension to awareness, and is\na huge step towards more familiar consciousness."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 301540,
    "dDurationMs": 6820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "An optical apparatus, like an eye, enables\nus to visualise our goal and lock onto it."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But even at this stage, a self is only able\nto pursue its food as long as it sees it."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, the next logical step needs\nto happen on the inside."
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      "utf8": "To visualise food in its absence, for example,"
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      "utf8": "a self needs to create some sort of\ninner representation of the world."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now, an animal can continue looking for food,\neven when it escapes its sensory range."
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      "utf8": "Because of this inner representation\nof what is relevant in the world,"
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      "utf8": "it can remain focused on its food and its desire to get it."
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      "utf8": "Our self now exists in a world it can get familiar with."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The ability to remember things has emerged."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Thanks to memory, animals can be\ndistracted from the pursuit for a few seconds,"
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    "dDurationMs": 3120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but quickly continue their path afterwards."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A related phenomenon is called 'object permanence'."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This describes our awareness that things\ncontinue to exist even when we can't see them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This cognitive skill is enjoyed by some mammals\nand birds, and perhaps other animals too."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Human babies tend to develop this ability\naround the time they turn eight months,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while baby chickens show this ability\nwithin a day or two of being born."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The capacity to remember a thing in its absence\nsuggests at least a basic sense of time."
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      "utf8": "A sense of time is a big step\non the ladder of consciousness."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It may also enable a self to look forward\nfrom the present moment and anticipate the future."
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      "utf8": "Adult chickens, for example, are able to resist a meal put\nin front of them if they expect to receive a bigger meal"
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    "tStartMs": 412920,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as a prize for holding back for a while."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This sort of delayed gratification means there is an\nability to visualize a reward that only exists in the future,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 422680,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which can be quite a challenge even for adult humans."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Western scrub jays are experts in delayed gratification."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They show an even more elaborate sense\nof the future when they hide food in a cache"
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    "tStartMs": 435820,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to retrieve it at a later date."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The scrub jays will even rehide their food if they become aware that a potential thief has been watching them."
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      "utf8": "This means that they know\nthat there are other hungry selves out there,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who are aware and see the world\nfrom their own, different perspective."
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      "utf8": "Crafty scrub jays can sort of\nread the mind of their fellow birds."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This ability to mind-read is crucial\nfor complex levels of consciousness."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By putting yourself in the position of others,\nyou can outsmart a rich competitor,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 470040,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or empathise with a hungry friend."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Language takes the ability to read minds\nand represent what is absent to a whole new level."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Words enable us to construct\nhypotheses about the world,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "make detailed plans, and to\ncommunicate them with others."
    } ]
  }, {
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      "utf8": "Words enable us to think about ourselves\nand our place in the universe,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 492000,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and even about our own consciousness, which is something we'll be doing more in future videos."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, what is the origin of our consciousness?"
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It probably began as the directed motion\nof a hungry self towards a source of food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 507340,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With the survival benefits, this gave it over \ncompetitors that moved at random or not at all."
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    "tStartMs": 513100,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It probably all started with the urge for more food."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, even with the sophisticated consciousness\nthat allows us to dream about space,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 522740,
    "dDurationMs": 3420,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "build skyscrapers, or obsess about novels,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 526160,
    "dDurationMs": 5460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it's not surprising that we can't stop thinking\nabout where we'll get our next meal."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 531620,
    "dDurationMs": 4580,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Collectively, we've put so much thought\nand ingenuity into getting food,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 536200,
    "dDurationMs": 7800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that we can now just get our food to\ncome to us with little conscious effort."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 544000,
    "dDurationMs": 5540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This video is part one of a three-part video series\nrelating to big questions of life and the universe,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 549540,
    "dDurationMs": 4520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "made possible by a grant from the\nTempleton World Charity Foundation."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 554060,
    "dDurationMs": 3980,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You can find our sources and \nfurther reading in the video description,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 558040,
    "dDurationMs": 5020,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or get the consciousness book\nby Rupert Glasgow for free- link down below."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 563060,
    "dDurationMs": 4080,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you want to help us make more videos,\nyou can do so on patreon.com,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 567140,
    "dDurationMs": 2500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or get one of our posters from our shop."
    } ]
  } ]
}