{
  "wireMagic": "pb3",
  "pens": [ {
  
  } ],
  "wsWinStyles": [ {
  
  } ],
  "wpWinPositions": [ {
  
  } ],
  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 6346,
    "dDurationMs": 1447,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This holiday season,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 7793,
    "dDurationMs": 2929,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "people around the world will give\nand receive presents."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 10722,
    "dDurationMs": 2703,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You might even get \na knitted sweater from an aunt."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 13425,
    "dDurationMs": 3670,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what if instead of saying \"thanks\"\nbefore consigning it to the closet,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 17095,
    "dDurationMs": 2035,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the polite response expected from you"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 19130,
    "dDurationMs": 3533,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was to show up to her house \nin a week with a better gift?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22663,
    "dDurationMs": 3027,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or to vote for her in the town election?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 25690,
    "dDurationMs": 2772,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or let her adopt your firstborn child?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 28462,
    "dDurationMs": 2460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All of these things might not \nsound so strange"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30922,
    "dDurationMs": 3306,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "if you are involved in a gift economy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34228,
    "dDurationMs": 2072,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This phrase might seem contradictory."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 36300,
    "dDurationMs": 2915,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "After all, isn't a gift given for free?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39215,
    "dDurationMs": 3595,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But in a gift economy,\ngifts given without explicit conditions"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 42810,
    "dDurationMs": 4302,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "are used to foster a system\nof social ties and obligations."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 47112,
    "dDurationMs": 3012,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "While the market economies we know \nare formed by relationships"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 50124,
    "dDurationMs": 2152,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "between the things being traded,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 52276,
    "dDurationMs": 2144,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a gift economy consists \nof the relationships"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 54420,
    "dDurationMs": 2796,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "between the people doing the trading."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 57216,
    "dDurationMs": 3534,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Gift economies have existed \nthroughout human history."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 60750,
    "dDurationMs": 1587,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The first studies of the concept"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 62337,
    "dDurationMs": 4497,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "came from anthropologists \nBronislaw Malinowski and Marcel Mauss"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 66834,
    "dDurationMs": 2376,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who describe the natives \nof the Trobriand islands"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 69210,
    "dDurationMs": 3050,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "making dangerous canoe journeys \nacross miles of ocean"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 72260,
    "dDurationMs": 3373,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to exchange shell necklaces\nand arm bands."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75633,
    "dDurationMs": 3342,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The items traded through this process,\nknown as the kula ring,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78975,
    "dDurationMs": 1567,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have no practical use,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80542,
    "dDurationMs": 2935,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but derive importance \nfrom their original owners"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 83477,
    "dDurationMs": 3540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and carry an obligation \nto continue the exchange."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87017,
    "dDurationMs": 2486,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Other gift economies \nmay involve useful items,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89503,
    "dDurationMs": 3326,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "such as the potlatch feast \nof the Pacific Northwest,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 92829,
    "dDurationMs": 4698,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where chiefs compete for prestige \nby giving away livestock and blankets."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97527,
    "dDurationMs": 2797,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We might say that instead \nof accumulating material wealth,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 100324,
    "dDurationMs": 4933,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "participants in a gift economy \nuse it to accumulate social wealth."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105257,
    "dDurationMs": 3614,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Though some instances of gift economies\nmay resemble barter,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 108871,
    "dDurationMs": 4131,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the difference is that the original gift \nis given without any preconditions"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113002,
    "dDurationMs": 1704,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or haggling."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 114706,
    "dDurationMs": 2121,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Instead, the social norm of reciprocity"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 116827,
    "dDurationMs": 4267,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "obligates recipients to voluntarily \nreturn the favor."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 121094,
    "dDurationMs": 3922,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the rules for how and when to do so \nvary between cultures,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 125016,
    "dDurationMs": 3689,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the return on a gift \ncan take many forms."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128705,
    "dDurationMs": 2784,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A powerful chief giving \nlivestock to a poor man"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131489,
    "dDurationMs": 2512,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may not expect goods in return,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134001,
    "dDurationMs": 3269,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but gains social prestige \nat the debtor's expense."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 137270,
    "dDurationMs": 2621,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And among the Toraja people of Indonesia,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139891,
    "dDurationMs": 4957,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the status gained from gift ceremonies \neven determines land ownership."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144848,
    "dDurationMs": 2378,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The key is to keep the gift cycle going,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147226,
    "dDurationMs": 2513,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with someone always \nindebted to someone else."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 149739,
    "dDurationMs": 1388,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Repaying a gift immediately,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 151127,
    "dDurationMs": 2415,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or with something of exactly equal value,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153542,
    "dDurationMs": 3676,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may be read as ending \nthe social relationship."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 157218,
    "dDurationMs": 3475,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, are gift economies exclusive \nto small-scale societies"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 160693,
    "dDurationMs": 2276,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "outside the industrialized world?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 162969,
    "dDurationMs": 1194,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Not quite."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164163,
    "dDurationMs": 1976,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For one thing, even in these cultures,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 166139,
    "dDurationMs": 4353,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "gift economies function alongside \na market system for other exchanges."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 170492,
    "dDurationMs": 1494,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And when we think about it,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171986,
    "dDurationMs": 3544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "parts of our own societies \nwork in similar ways."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 175530,
    "dDurationMs": 2053,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Communal spaces, such as Burning Man,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 177583,
    "dDurationMs": 2746,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "operate as a mix of barter \nand a gift economy,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 180329,
    "dDurationMs": 3382,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where selling things \nfor money is strictly taboo."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183711,
    "dDurationMs": 1463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In art and technology,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 185174,
    "dDurationMs": 3730,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "gift economies are emerging \nas an alternative to intellectual property"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 188904,
    "dDurationMs": 1090,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where artists,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189994,
    "dDurationMs": 1119,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "musicians,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 191113,
    "dDurationMs": 1416,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and open-source developers"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192529,
    "dDurationMs": 3095,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "distribute their creative works, \nnot for financial profit,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 195624,
    "dDurationMs": 4284,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but to raise their social profile \nor establish their community role."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 199908,
    "dDurationMs": 2567,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And even potluck dinners \nand holiday gift traditions"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202475,
    "dDurationMs": 3704,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "involve some degree \nof reciprocity and social norms."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 206179,
    "dDurationMs": 2012,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We might wonder if a gift is truly a gift"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208191,
    "dDurationMs": 4173,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "if it comes with obligations \nor involves some social pay off."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212364,
    "dDurationMs": 1786,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But this is missing the point."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214150,
    "dDurationMs": 3369,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Our idea of a free gift \nwithout social obligations"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217519,
    "dDurationMs": 4252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "prevails only if we already think \nof everything in market terms."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 221771,
    "dDurationMs": 1462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And in a commericalized world,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 223233,
    "dDurationMs": 3560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the idea of strengthening bonds \nthrough giving and reciprocity"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 226793,
    "dDurationMs": 3613,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "may not be such a bad thing,\nwherever you may live."
    } ]
  } ]
}