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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the mid-1930s, two familiar spires\ntowered above the morning fog."
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      "utf8": "Stretching 227 meters into the sky,"
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      "utf8": "these 22,000-ton towers would help support\nCalifornia’s Golden Gate Bridge."
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      "utf8": "But since they were currently\nin Pennsylvania,"
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      "utf8": "over 4,500 kilometers away."
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      "utf8": "Moving the bridge’s towers \nacross a continent"
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      "utf8": "was just one of the challenges \nfacing Charles Ellis and Joseph Strauss,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the project's lead engineers."
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      "utf8": "Even before construction began, \nthe pair faced all kinds of opposition."
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      "utf8": "The military feared the bridge \nwould make the important harbor"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "an even more vulnerable target."
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      "utf8": "Ferry companies claimed the bridge\nwould steal their business,"
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      "utf8": "and residents wanted to preserve\nthe area's natural scenery."
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      "utf8": "Worse still, many engineers thought\nthe project was impossible."
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      "utf8": "The Golden Gate Strait was home \nto 96-kilometer-per-hour winds,"
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      "utf8": "swirling tides, an endless blanket of fog,"
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      "utf8": "and the earthquake-prone \nSan Andreas fault."
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      "utf8": "But Strauss was convinced \nthe bridge could be built;"
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      "utf8": "Strauss’s initial plans to span the strait\nused a cantilever bridge."
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      "utf8": "This kind of bridge consists \nof a single beam anchored at one end"
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      "utf8": "and extended horizontally\nlike a diving board."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Since these bridges can only extend so far\nbefore collapsing under their own weight,"
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      "utf8": "Strauss’s design used two cantilevers,\nlinked by a structure in the middle."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But Ellis and his colleague Leon Moisseif\nconvinced Strauss"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to pursue a different approach:\nthe suspension bridge."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Where a cantilever bridge is supported\nfrom one end"
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      "utf8": "a suspension bridge suspends its deck\nfrom cables strung across the gap."
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      "utf8": "The result is a more flexible structure"
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      "utf8": "that’s resilient to winds \nand shifting loads."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This kind of design had long been used \nfor small rope bridges."
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      "utf8": "And in the 1930s, \nadvanced steel manufacturing"
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      "utf8": "could create cables of bundled wire \nto act as strong steel rope"
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      "utf8": "for large-scale construction."
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      "utf8": "At the time, the Golden Gate Bridge"
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      "utf8": "But cables and towers of this size \ncould only be built at large steelworks"
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      "utf8": "on the country’s east coast."
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      "utf8": "While the recently completed Panama Canal"
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      "utf8": "made it possible to ship these components\nto California,"
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      "utf8": "reassembling the towers on site \ndidn’t go quite as smoothly."
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      "utf8": "It was relatively easy to find a stable,\nshallow foundation for the north tower."
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      "utf8": "But building the south tower \nessentially required erecting"
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      "utf8": "A seawall was built to protect the site\nfrom powerful currents,"
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      "utf8": "to prevent getting lost."
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      "utf8": "And at one point, an earthquake rocked\nthe south tower"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nearly 5 meters in each direction."
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      "utf8": "an entire scaffolding platform\nfrom falling in 1937,"
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      "utf8": "The bridge was finished,\nbut there was still one more task ahead:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "paired nicely with the strait’s \nnatural backdrop— and he wasn’t alone."
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    "segs": [ {
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