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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 6085,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Albert Einstein played a key role\nin launching quantum mechanics"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 9922,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "through his theory of the\nphotoelectric effect"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 12508,
    "dDurationMs": 4004,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but remained deeply bothered\nby its philosophical implications."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4546,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And though most of us still remember\nhim for deriving E=MC^2,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 21225,
    "dDurationMs": 5464,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "his last great contribution to physics\nwas actually a 1935 paper,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 26689,
    "dDurationMs": 4421,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "coauthored with his young colleagues\nBoris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 31360,
    "dDurationMs": 4422,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Regarded as an odd philosophical\nfootnote well into the 1980s,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35782,
    "dDurationMs": 5755,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this EPR paper has recently become central\nto a new understanding of quantum physics,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 41537,
    "dDurationMs": 2545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with its description \nof a strange phenomenon"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 44082,
    "dDurationMs": 2836,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "now known as entangled states."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 47502,
    "dDurationMs": 4462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The paper begins by considering a\nsource that spits out pairs of particles,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51964,
    "dDurationMs": 2336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "each with two measurable properties."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 54509,
    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each of these measurements has\ntwo possible results"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 57220,
    "dDurationMs": 1543,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of equal probability."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58763,
    "dDurationMs": 2627,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Let's say zero or one\nfor the first property,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61390,
    "dDurationMs": 2002,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and A or B for the second."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 63559,
    "dDurationMs": 1752,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Once a measurement is performed,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 65311,
    "dDurationMs": 3545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "subsequent measurements of the same\nproperty in the same particle"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 68856,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "will yield the same result."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The strange implication of this scenario"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is not only that the state \nof a single particle"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 75905,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is indeterminate until it's measured,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78157,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but that the measurement then\ndetermines the state."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 81202,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What's more, the measurements \naffect each other."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you measure a particle \nas being in state 1,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 86582,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and follow it up with the second\ntype of measurement,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89085,
    "dDurationMs": 3336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you'll have a 50% chance of\ngetting either A or B,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 92547,
    "dDurationMs": 2168,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but if you then repeat \nthe first measurement,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 94715,
    "dDurationMs": 2628,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you'll have a a 50% chance of getting zero"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97343,
    "dDurationMs": 3337,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even though the particle had already\nbeen measured at one."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 100805,
    "dDurationMs": 3754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So switching the property being measured\nscrambles the original result,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104559,
    "dDurationMs": 2544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "allowing for a new, random value."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3379,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Things get even stranger\nwhen you look at both particles."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110815,
    "dDurationMs": 2878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each of the particles will produce\nrandom results,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113693,
    "dDurationMs": 1460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but if you compare the two,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115153,
    "dDurationMs": 3712,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "you will find that they are\nalways perfectly correlated."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 119157,
    "dDurationMs": 2961,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, if both particles\nare measured at zero,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122118,
    "dDurationMs": 1960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the relationship will always hold."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124078,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The states of the two are entangled."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126581,
    "dDurationMs": 4170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Measuring one will tell you the other\nwith absolute certainty."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131002,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But this entanglement seems to defy\nEinstein's famous theory of relativity"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 135631,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because there is nothing to limit the\ndistance between particles."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138801,
    "dDurationMs": 2378,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If you measure one in New York at noon,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 141179,
    "dDurationMs": 3253,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the other in San Francisco \na nanosecond later,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144432,
    "dDurationMs": 2919,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they still give exactly the same result."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 147351,
    "dDurationMs": 2294,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But if the measurement \ndoes determine the value,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 149645,
    "dDurationMs": 4463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "then this would require one particle\nsending some sort of signal to the other"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 154108,
    "dDurationMs": 2836,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "at 13,000,000 times the speed of light,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 156944,
    "dDurationMs": 3170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which according to relativity,\nis impossible."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 160364,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For this reason, Einstein dismissed\nentanglement as \"spuckafte ferwirklung,\""
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 165578,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or spooky action at a distance."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168164,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He decided that quantum mechanics\nmust be incomplete,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171417,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a mere approximation of a deeper reality\nin which both particles"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 175796,
    "dDurationMs": 3129,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have predetermined states that \nare hidden from us."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 179175,
    "dDurationMs": 3712,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Supporters of orthodox quantum theory\nlead by Niels Bohr"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 182887,
    "dDurationMs": 4129,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "maintained that quantum states\nreally are fundamentally indeterminate,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 187016,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and entanglement allows \nthe state of one particle"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189936,
    "dDurationMs": 2627,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to depend on that of its distant partner."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 192563,
    "dDurationMs": 3087,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For 30 years, physics remained \nat an impasse,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 195650,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "until John Bell figured out that the key\nto testing the EPR argument"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was to look at cases involving different\nmeasurements on the two particles."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 204367,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The local hidden variable theories\nfavored by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 208788,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "strictly limited how often you could\nget results like 1A or B0"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 213376,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because the outcomes would have to be\ndefined in advance."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 217046,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Bell showed that the purely \nquantum approach,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 219548,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "where the state is truly \nindeterminate until measured,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 222510,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "has different limits\nand predicts mixed measurement results"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225721,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that are impossible in the\npredetermined scenario."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229141,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Once Bell had worked out how to test\nthe EPR argument,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232645,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "physicists went out and did it."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234897,
    "dDurationMs": 4588,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Beginning with John Clauster in the 70s\nand Alain Aspect in the early 80s,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 239485,
    "dDurationMs": 3337,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "dozens of experiments have tested \nthe EPR prediction,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242822,
    "dDurationMs": 2085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and all have found the same thing:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244907,
    "dDurationMs": 2252,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "quantum mechanics is correct."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 247285,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The correlations between the indeterminate\nstates of entangled particles are real"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 252081,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and cannot be explained\nby any deeper variable."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 256043,
    "dDurationMs": 3754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The EPR paper turned out to be wrong\nbut brilliantly so."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 259797,
    "dDurationMs": 4338,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By leading physicists to think deeply\nabout the foundations of quantum physics,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 264135,
    "dDurationMs": 2544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it led to further elaboration \nof the theory"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 266804,
    "dDurationMs": 3921,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and helped launch research into subjects\nlike quantum information,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 270725,
    "dDurationMs": 5422,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "now a thriving field with the potential to\ndevelop computers of unparalleled power."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 276480,
    "dDurationMs": 3087,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Unfortunately, the randomness\nof the measured results"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 279567,
    "dDurationMs": 1835,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "prevents science fiction scenarios,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 281402,
    "dDurationMs": 4171,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like using entangled particles\nto send messages faster than light."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 285740,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So relativity is safe, for now."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the quantum universe is far stranger\nthan Einstein wanted to believe."
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