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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 7336,
    "dDurationMs": 4088,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Imagine as a thought experiment\nthat you live in a small village"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 11424,
    "dDurationMs": 3045,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and depend on the local fish pond\nfor food."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 14761,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You share the pond \nwith three other villagers."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The pond starts off with a dozen fish,\nand the fish reproduce."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 23102,
    "dDurationMs": 4213,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For every two fish, there will be \none baby added each night."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 27565,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So, in order to maximize \nyour supply of food,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30485,
    "dDurationMs": 2627,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "how many fish should you catch each day?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 33905,
    "dDurationMs": 1835,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Take a moment to think about it."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 36282,
    "dDurationMs": 3378,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Assume baby fish grow \nto full size immediately"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 39660,
    "dDurationMs": 2878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and that the pond begins at full capacity,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 42538,
    "dDurationMs": 3379,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and ignore factors \nlike the sex of the fish you catch."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46417,
    "dDurationMs": 3879,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The answer? One, and it's not just you."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 50379,
    "dDurationMs": 3337,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The best way to maximize \nevery villager's food supply"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 53716,
    "dDurationMs": 3962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is for each fisherman\nto take just one fish each day."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 58096,
    "dDurationMs": 1668,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Here's how the math works."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 59764,
    "dDurationMs": 4463,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If each villager takes one fish,\nthere will be eight fish left over night."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 64477,
    "dDurationMs": 2419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each pair of fish produces one baby,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 66896,
    "dDurationMs": 4254,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the next day, the pond \nwill be fully restocked with twelve fish."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 72026,
    "dDurationMs": 5255,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If anyone takes more than one,\nthe number of reproductive pairs drops,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 77281,
    "dDurationMs": 2878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the population \nwon't be able to bounce back."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 82245,
    "dDurationMs": 2794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Eventually, the fish in the lake \nwill be gone,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 85039,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "leaving all four villagers to starve."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 88334,
    "dDurationMs": 3629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This fish pond is just one example\nof a classic problem"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 91963,
    "dDurationMs": 2544,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "called the tragedy of the commons."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 94549,
    "dDurationMs": 2794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The phenomenon was first described \nin a pamphlet"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97343,
    "dDurationMs": 4505,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by economist William Forster Lloyd in 1833"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101848,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in a discussion of \nthe overgrazing of cattle"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104851,
    "dDurationMs": 2168,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "on village common areas."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 107436,
    "dDurationMs": 5172,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "More than 100 years later, ecologist\nGarrett Hardin revived the concept"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 112608,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to describe what happens \nwhen many individuals"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115528,
    "dDurationMs": 2169,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all share a limited resource,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117905,
    "dDurationMs": 1543,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "like grazing land,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 119448,
    "dDurationMs": 1127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "fishing areas,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120575,
    "dDurationMs": 1126,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "living space,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 121826,
    "dDurationMs": 1626,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even clean air."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123619,
    "dDurationMs": 4505,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hardin argued that these situations\npit short-term self-interest"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 128124,
    "dDurationMs": 1835,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "against the common good,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129959,
    "dDurationMs": 2419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and they end badly for everyone,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 132378,
    "dDurationMs": 1752,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "resulting in overgrazing,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134130,
    "dDurationMs": 1084,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "overfishing,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 135214,
    "dDurationMs": 1210,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "overpopulation,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136424,
    "dDurationMs": 1001,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "pollution,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 137425,
    "dDurationMs": 2919,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and other social \nand environmental problems."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 140678,
    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The key feature of \na tragedy of the commons"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 143389,
    "dDurationMs": 5214,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is that it provides an opportunity for\nan individual to benefit him or herself"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 148603,
    "dDurationMs": 4462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while spreading out any negative effects \nacross the larger population."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 153608,
    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To see what that means,\nlet's revisit our fish pond."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Each individual fisherman is motivated"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 159697,
    "dDurationMs": 2794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to take as many fish \nas he can for himself."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 162617,
    "dDurationMs": 2961,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Meanwhile, any decline \nin fish reproduction"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 165578,
    "dDurationMs": 2336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is shared by the entire village."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 168873,
    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Anxious to avoid \nlosing out to his neighbors,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 171584,
    "dDurationMs": 4671,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a fisherman will conclude that it's in his\nbest interest to take an extra fish,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 176255,
    "dDurationMs": 1001,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or two,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 177256,
    "dDurationMs": 1085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or three."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 178341,
    "dDurationMs": 4045,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Unfortunately, this is the same conclusion\nreached by the other fisherman,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 182470,
    "dDurationMs": 1501,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and that's the tragedy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 183971,
    "dDurationMs": 5798,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Optimizing for the self in the short term\nisn't optimal for anyone in the long term."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 190228,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That's a simplified example,\nbut the tragedy of the commons"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193356,
    "dDurationMs": 3920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "plays out in the more complex systems\nof real life, too."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 197693,
    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The overuse of antibiotics has led to\nshort-term gains in livestock production"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 202615,
    "dDurationMs": 2419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and in treating common illnesses,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205034,
    "dDurationMs": 4838,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but it's also resulted in the evolution\nof antibiotic-resistant bacteria,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 209872,
    "dDurationMs": 2294,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "which threaten the entire population."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 212500,
    "dDurationMs": 3962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A coal-fired power plant produces\ncheap electricity for its customers"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 216462,
    "dDurationMs": 1877,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and profits for its owners."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 218339,
    "dDurationMs": 2836,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These local benefits are helpful\nin the short term,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 221509,
    "dDurationMs": 5213,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but pollution from mining and burning coal\nis spread across the entire atmosphere"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 226722,
    "dDurationMs": 2628,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and sticks around for thousands of years."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 229642,
    "dDurationMs": 1918,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There are other examples, too."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 231769,
    "dDurationMs": 1001,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Littering,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232770,
    "dDurationMs": 1335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "water shortages,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 234105,
    "dDurationMs": 1418,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "deforestation,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 235523,
    "dDurationMs": 1209,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "traffic jams,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 236899,
    "dDurationMs": 2419,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even the purchase of bottled water."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 239819,
    "dDurationMs": 4588,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But human civilization has proven it's\ncapable of doing something remarkable."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 244824,
    "dDurationMs": 2002,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We form social contracts,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1877,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we make communal agreements,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1293,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we elect governments,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 249996,
    "dDurationMs": 1543,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and we pass laws."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 251706,
    "dDurationMs": 5630,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All this to save our collective selves\nfrom our own individual impulses."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 257461,
    "dDurationMs": 4505,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It isn't easy, and we certainly \ndon't get it right nearly all of the time."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 262508,
    "dDurationMs": 4421,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But humans at our best have shown\nthat we can solve these problems"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 266929,
    "dDurationMs": 3962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and we can continue to do so\nif we remember Hardin's lesson."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 271225,
    "dDurationMs": 2503,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When the tragedy of the commons applies,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 273894,
    "dDurationMs": 3254,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "what's good for all of us \nis good for each of us."
    } ]
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