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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Jo the First is a ruthless dictator\nwho rules his country with an iron fist."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Whenever he wants something,\neveryone hurries to appease him."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And since complainers are\npermanently banished,"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5589,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Jo’s terrified servants treat his every\nwhim as a wise and noble decision."
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    "dDurationMs": 4004,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To most onlookers,\nhis rule appears cruel and unjust."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But his beloved son JoJo\ndoesn’t see any issues."
    } ]
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    "dDurationMs": 3295,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This life is all JoJo's ever known,"
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    "dDurationMs": 6006,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and he never witnesses any fear from\nJo’s subjects or violence against them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All JoJo sees is his father’s strength,\nand his subjects’ obedience and praise."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "After spending his entire\nchildhood in the castle,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "JoJo grows up to inherit his father’s role\nand his style of rule."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And just as with Jo the First,\nit’s clear that JoJo’s actions are wrong."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But his case raises a question\nabout morality"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that can also shed light\non less extreme cases:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "given JoJo’s unusual upbringing,"
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    "tStartMs": 74737,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "does he bear full moral responsibility\nfor his actions?"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 79534,
    "dDurationMs": 4838,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Philosophers Gary Watson\nand Harry Frankfurt would say yes."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "According to their Deep Self View,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "people are morally responsible for actions\nthat stem from their true self,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93047,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "meaning actions that reflect\ntheir deepest values and commitments."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They believe people are less\nmorally responsible"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for actions performed under\nthe influence of external forces,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 104725,
    "dDurationMs": 4672,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "such as committing a crime\nunder duress or while intoxicated."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But JoJo has no such excuse."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "His actions are the product\nof his values, and as such,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Deep Self theorists would argue\nthat he’s responsible for them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what if JoJo’s values\nhave been compromised?"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "JoJo might be a monster, but he was\nraised in a very atypical environment."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 131752,
    "dDurationMs": 2962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is he really just as responsible\nfor his crimes"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134714,
    "dDurationMs": 4963,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as someone who had a normal childhood\nand then became a cruel dictator?"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And if JoJo isn’t to blame for who he is,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "how can we blame him for what he does?"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is the argument of philosopher\nSusan Wolf,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 150438,
    "dDurationMs": 2127,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who invented JoJo’s case."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wolf believes that even though\nJoJo’s actions do reflect his deep self,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "when determining moral responsibility,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "we also need to consider how\nsomeone’s deep self came to be."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And in JoJo's situation,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wolf believes that even if JoJo\nis acting on his own values,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "his upbringing makes him less\nresponsible for his cruelty."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wolf’s logic seems pretty\nreasonable in JoJo’s case."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But if everyone’s deepest values\nare shaped by their upbringing,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "does that mean nobody is responsible\nfor their actions?"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is the attitude\nheld by incompatibilists."
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      "utf8": "These philosophers believe\nthat if everything is predetermined"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "by factors like\nour environment or biology,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "then no one is truly\nmorally responsible for anything."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "By contrast, compatibilist philosophers"
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      "utf8": "argue that even if our decisions are\nthe inevitable result of past events,"
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      "utf8": "we can still be held responsible for them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The debate between these factions\nhas been raging for centuries,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but Wolf created JoJo’s case\nto focus on a different question."
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      "utf8": "Unlike most people,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "JoJo had no meaningful opportunity\nto learn right from wrong."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And since he continues\nto be cruel even as an adult,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it would seem JoJo also lacks the capacity\nto self-reflect and change his values."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To Wolf, this indicates that JoJo\nlacks basic moral competence."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If he doesn’t know right from wrong\nand can no longer learn the difference,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "surely it's misplaced\nto fully blame him for his actions."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But this argument raises\nanother important question:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even with this horrible upbringing,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was JoJo’s moral incompetence\ntruly inevitable?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Let’s imagine JoJo had a sister\nwho was raised in the same environment"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2169,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but developed different values."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If JoJa rejected their father’s tyranny,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "this suggests that JoJo\ncould have done the same—"
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    "dDurationMs": 5255,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "an outcome that seemingly\nincreases his moral responsibility."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Similarly, what if a rogue court member\ntried to teach young JoJo"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "about justice and morality,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but he still chose tyranny?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Just as Wolf argues,"
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      "utf8": "it seems like the more chances JoJo has\nto develop moral competence,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the less we can excuse his actions."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ultimately, it's up to you to decide."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 319315,
    "dDurationMs": 4046,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How should we determine\nmoral responsibility?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And is JoJo’s tyrannical\nnature truly inevitable—"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or can our understanding of right\nand wrong transcend our upbringing?"
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