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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The world is divided into two kinds of people:\nthose with innie belly buttons, and those"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with outies. Rivers also have innies and outies\n– not belly buttons, but mouths: where rivers"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "flow into the sea, the land either pokes out\nor bends inward. But rivers don’t have umbilical"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "cords, so why do they have innies and outies?\nWell, coasts are the front lines between two"
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    "tStartMs": 21420,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "opposing forces – land and water. In order\nfor the ocean to invade the land, sea level"
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    "tStartMs": 26310,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "either has to come up, or the land has to\nsink down or erode away. And in order for"
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      "utf8": "the land to advance into the ocean, sea level\neither has to drop, or the land has to build"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "(or be lifted) up.\nObviously, if sea level drops and then rises"
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    "tStartMs": 39860,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "back again, there’s no net gain on either\nside – but things get more complicated when"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a river joins the battle. For example, during\nthe last ice age, sea levels fell by over"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "120 meters, and rivers cut deeper and deeper\nvalleys to reach the falling seas. Then, about"
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      "utf8": "18,000 years ago, warming temperatures began\nto melt the ice, and the rising seas flooded"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "river valleys around the world,\ncreating giant estuaries and giving us the"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "innie-riddled coastlines we have today.\nBut when the steady landward march of the"
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      "utf8": "seas finally began to slow, about 7,000 years\nago, the coastlines around the mouths of some"
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      "utf8": "rivers began to gain back some ground. The\nkey to each reversal was the sediment the"
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      "utf8": "river dropped as its current slowed at the\nentrance to the sea. Where the sediment supply"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was big enough and the ocean was calm enough,\nthe dropped dirt piled up, eventually forming"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "new land that both lengthened the river and\ndivided it in two. Dirt continued to drop"
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    "tStartMs": 89370,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "out and build up at the mouths of both channels,\nsplitting the river again...and again...and"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "again, creating a new lobe of land advancing\nslowly into the sea. Thus all of the world’s"
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    "tStartMs": 99220,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "great outie river-mouths – the fertile deltas\nthat have helped foster human civilization"
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    "tStartMs": 104620,
    "dDurationMs": 4120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "since its birth – came into being at just\nabout the same time."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The same can’t be said for all the world’s\noutie belly-buttons. What can be said, though,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is that innies and outies - both for rivers\nand people - are a small record of how we"
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    "tStartMs": 117610,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "came to be.\nA huge thank-you to the following organizations,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 123880,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all working toward sustainable deltas, for\nsponsoring this video: the Belmont Forum,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the Sustainable Deltas Initiative, the National\nCenter for Earth-Surface Dynamics, the St"
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    "dDurationMs": 4130,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Anthony Falls Laboratory of the University\nof Minnesota, and the DELTAS project. These"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "organizations study deltas around the world,\nin particular how they’re threatened by"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "human activities such as building dams, channelizing\nrivers, and climate change-induced sea-level"
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    "tStartMs": 144730,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "rise. If we don’t pay attention, we might\nlose the landform that allowed us to become"
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    "tStartMs": 148590,
    "dDurationMs": 1890,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "civilized in the first place."
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