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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Around 1159 A.D.,"
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      "utf8": "a mathematician called \nBhaskara the Learned"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "sketched a design for a wheel\ncontaining curved reservoirs of mercury."
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      "utf8": "He reasoned that as the wheels spun,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the mercury would flow to the bottom\nof each reservoir,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "leaving one side of the wheel\nperpetually heavier than the other."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The imbalance would keep\nthe wheel turning forever."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Bhaskara's drawing was one of\nthe earliest designs"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for a perpetual motion machine,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a device that can do work indefinitely\nwithout any external energy source."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 46737,
    "dDurationMs": 5581,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Imagine a windmill that produced\nthe breeze it needed to keep rotating."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 52318,
    "dDurationMs": 5053,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or a lightbulb whose glow provided\nits own electricity."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 57371,
    "dDurationMs": 3808,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "These devices have captured many\ninventors' imaginations"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 61179,
    "dDurationMs": 4291,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because they could transform \nour relationship with energy."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 65470,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, if you could build \na perpetual motion machine"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 68999,
    "dDurationMs": 3830,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that included humans as part of its\nperfectly efficient system,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 72829,
    "dDurationMs": 3421,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it could sustain life indefinitely."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 76250,
    "dDurationMs": 2019,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There's just one problem."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They don't work."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ideas for perpetual motion machines"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 5021,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "all violate one or more \nfundamental laws of thermodynamics,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 87410,
    "dDurationMs": 2239,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the branch of physics that describes\nthe relationship"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "between different forms of energy."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The first law of thermodynamics says\nthat energy can't be created or destroyed."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 97440,
    "dDurationMs": 4140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You can't get out more energy\nthan you put in."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 101580,
    "dDurationMs": 3881,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That rules out a useful\nperpetual motion machine right away"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105461,
    "dDurationMs": 4920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because a machine could only ever\nproduce as much energy as it consumed."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110381,
    "dDurationMs": 4370,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There wouldn't be any left over\nto power a car or charge a phone."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But what if you just wanted the machine\nto keep itself moving?"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2380,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Inventors have proposed plenty of ideas."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Several of these have been variations\non Bhaskara's over-balanced wheel"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 126951,
    "dDurationMs": 4631,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with rolling balls \nor weights on swinging arms."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1659,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "None of them work."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133241,
    "dDurationMs": 2840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The moving parts that make one\nside of the wheel heavier"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136081,
    "dDurationMs": 5162,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "also shift its center of mass downward\nbelow the axle."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 141243,
    "dDurationMs": 1510,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "With a low center of mass,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142753,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the wheel just swings back and forth\nlike a pendulum,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146052,
    "dDurationMs": 2053,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "then stops."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 148105,
    "dDurationMs": 2267,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What about a different approach?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the 17th century, Robert Boyle\ncame up with an idea"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "for a self-watering pot."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 156413,
    "dDurationMs": 2890,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "He theorized that capillary action,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the attraction \nbetween liquids and surfaces"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 162032,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that pulls water through thin tubes,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164853,
    "dDurationMs": 4610,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "might keep the water cycling\naround the bowl."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169463,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But if the capillary action is strong\nenough to overcome gravity"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 173013,
    "dDurationMs": 1720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and draw the water up,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 174733,
    "dDurationMs": 4561,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it would also prevent it from falling\nback into the bowl."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 179294,
    "dDurationMs": 4191,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Then there are versions with magnets,\nlike this set of ramps."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The ball is supposed to be pulled\nupwards by the magnet at the top,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 187364,
    "dDurationMs": 1811,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "fall back down through the hole,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189175,
    "dDurationMs": 2177,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and repeat the cycle."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3044,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This one fails because like\nthe self-watering pot,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 194396,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the magnet would simply hold\nthe ball at the top."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 198176,
    "dDurationMs": 2259,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even if it somehow did keep moving,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200435,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the magnet's strength \nwould degrade over time"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203176,
    "dDurationMs": 2721,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and eventually stop working."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 205897,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For each of these machines to keep moving,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they'd have to create some extra energy"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210745,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to nudge the system \npast its stopping point,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 214076,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "breaking the first law of thermodynamics."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "There are ones that seem to keep going,"
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    "tStartMs": 219687,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but in reality, they invariably turn out\nto be drawing energy"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 223148,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from some external source."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even if engineers could \nsomehow design a machine"
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      "utf8": "that didn't violate the first law\nof thermodynamics,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "it still wouldn't work in the real world\nbecause of the second law."
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      "utf8": "The second law of thermodynamics"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "tells us that energy tends to spread out\nthrough processes like friction."
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      "utf8": "Any real machine would have moving parts"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or interactions with air \nor liquid molecules"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that would generate tiny amounts\nof friction and heat,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even in a vacuum."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "That heat is energy escaping,"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it would keep leeching out,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "reducing the energy available\nto move the system itself"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 261488,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "until the machine inevitably stopped."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So far, these two laws of thermodynamics"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "have stymied every idea \nfor perpetual motion"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the dreams of perfectly efficient\nenergy generation they imply."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Yet it's hard to conclusively say we'll\nnever discover a perpetual motion machine"
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    "tStartMs": 281748,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because there's still so much we don't\nunderstand about the universe."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Perhaps we'll find \nnew exotic forms of matter"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4027,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "that'll force us to revisit the laws\nof thermodynamics."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 293340,
    "dDurationMs": 5260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or maybe there's perpetual motion\non tiny quantum scales."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What we can be reasonably sure about\nis that we'll never stop looking."
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