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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Compared to the whitewater streams that tumble\ndown mountainsides, the meandering rivers"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 5750,
    "dDurationMs": 5650,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of the plains may seem tame and lazy. But\nmountain streams are corralled by the steep-walled"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 11400,
    "dDurationMs": 5320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "valleys they carve – their courses are literally\nset in stone. Out on the open plains, those"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 16720,
    "dDurationMs": 4639,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "stony walls give way to soft soil, allowing\nrivers much more freedom to shift their banks"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 21359,
    "dDurationMs": 5480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and set their own ever-changing courses to\nthe sea: courses that almost never run straight."
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    "dDurationMs": 4121,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "At least not for long, because all it takes\nto turn a straight stretch of river into a"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4869,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "bendy one is a little disturbance and a lot\nof time  – and in nature, there’s plenty"
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    "tStartMs": 35829,
    "dDurationMs": 431,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of both.\n     "
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    "dDurationMs": 5319,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Say, for example, that a muskrat  burrows\nherself a den in one bank of a stream. Her"
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    "dDurationMs": 4581,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "tunnels make for a cozy home,  but they also\nweaken the bank, which eventually begins to"
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    "dDurationMs": 2500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "crumble and slump into the stream."
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    "dDurationMs": 4079,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Water rushes into the newly-formed hollow,\nsweeping away loose dirt and making the hollow"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "even hollower, which lets the water rush a\nlittle faster and sweep away a little more"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "dirt from the bank...and so on, and so on\n."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As more of the stream’s flow is diverted\ninto the deepening hole on one bank and away"
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    "tStartMs": 63820,
    "dDurationMs": 4940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "from the other side of the channel, the flow\nthere weakens and slows. And since slow-moving"
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    "tStartMs": 68760,
    "dDurationMs": 4930,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "water can’t carry the sand-sized particles\nthat fast-moving water can, that dirt drops"
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    "tStartMs": 73690,
    "dDurationMs": 5140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to the bottom and builds up to make the water\nthere shallower and slower, and then keeps"
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    "tStartMs": 78830,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "accumulating until the edge of the stream\nbecomes new land on the inside bank."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "       \nMeanwhile, the fast-moving water near the"
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    "tStartMs": 84530,
    "dDurationMs": 4860,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "outside bank sweeps out of the curve with\nenough momentum to carry it across the channel"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 89390,
    "dDurationMs": 5460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and slam it into the other side, where it\nstarts to carve another curve . And then another,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 94850,
    "dDurationMs": 4830,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and then another, and then another. The wider\nthe stream, the longer it takes the slingshotting"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 99680,
    "dDurationMs": 4940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "current to reach the other side, and the greater\nthe downstream distance to the next curve."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In fact, measurements of meandering streams\nall over the world reveal a strikingly regular"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 109270,
    "dDurationMs": 4980,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "pattern : the length of one S-shaped meander\ntends to be about six times the width of the"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 114250,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "channel . So little tiny meandering streams\ntend to look just like miniature versions"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118950,
    "dDurationMs": 1720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of their bigger relatives.\n    "
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 120670,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "As long as nothing gets in the way of a river’s\nmeandering , its curves will continue to grow"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 124590,
    "dDurationMs": 4500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "curvier and curvier until they loop around\nand bumble into themselves. When that happens,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129090,
    "dDurationMs": 5940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the river follows the straighter path downhill,\nleaving behind a crescent-shaped remnant called"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 135030,
    "dDurationMs": 6460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "an oxbow lake. Or a billabong. Or a lago en\nherradura. Or a bras mort ..."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3170,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "    \nWe have lots of names for these lakes, since"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 144660,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they can occur pretty much anywhere liquid\nflows – which brings up an interesting question:"
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