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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Smallpox is one of the deadliest\ndiseases in history,"
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      "utf8": "but fortunately, it’s been eradicated\nfor over 40 years."
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      "utf8": "However, samples of the virus \nthat causes smallpox still exist,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "leading to concern that rogue actors\nmight try to weaponize it."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is especially worrying"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "because older smallpox vaccines\ncan have serious side effects,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and modern antiviral drugs have never\nbeen tested against this disease."
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To protect against this potential threat,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the US government is funding research\nto improve smallpox treatments"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and vaccines."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And since it’s unethical to expose \npeople to a highly lethal virus,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "labs are using humanity's closest\nbiological relatives as research subjects."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But is it right to harm these animals to\nprotect humanity from a potential threat?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Or should our closest relatives also be\nprotected against lethal experiments?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What would you do as a scientist faced\nwith this very real scenario?"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In many ways, this dilemma isn't new."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Animals have been used in research aimed\nat improving human welfare for centuries,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "typically at the cost of their lives."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This practice reflects the widespread\nbelief that human lives are more valuable"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "than non-human lives."
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      "utf8": "People have different views about \nthe ethics of animal testing"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and how it’s conducted."
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      "utf8": "this scenario raises an important\nphilosophical question:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "how do we determine the value of a life,\nwhether human or non-human?"
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      "utf8": "One tool philosophers have used \nto consider this question is moral status."
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      "utf8": "Beings with moral status\nshould have their needs and interests"
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      "utf8": "taken into consideration by those \nmaking decisions that impact them."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Traditionally, moral status\nhas been seen as binary—"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "either a being’s interests matter \nfor their own sake, or they don’t."
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      "utf8": "And historically, many philosophers\nbelieved that humans had moral status"
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      "utf8": "and other animals didn’t."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some contemporary philosophers\nlike Shelly Kagan"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but even in this model, he argues \nthat people have the most moral status."
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      "utf8": "However, determining what grants any\ndegree of moral status can be difficult."
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      "utf8": "Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant\nthought humans have moral status"
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      "utf8": "because of their rational nature \nand ability to will their actions."
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      "utf8": "A binary conception of moral status then\nsuggests that beings with these capacities"
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      "utf8": "while all other creatures are “things”\nwithout moral status."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But thinkers like Christine Korsgaard \nhave argued a Kantian view"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "should include many non-human animals \nbecause of how they value their own good."
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      "utf8": "Another line of argument, suggested \nby utilitarianism’s founding father"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Jeremy Bentham and elaborated\nby Peter Singer,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "in ways some people might find unnerving."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "So where do our monkeys stand?"
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      "utf8": "They support and learn from one another—"
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      "utf8": "there’s even evidence \nthey respond to inequality."
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      "utf8": "And of course,\nthey’re capable of suffering."
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      "utf8": "that a human’s life is more valuable\nthan a monkey’s."
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      "utf8": "And that while killing one human \nto save five others is typically wrong,"
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    "segs": [ {
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      "utf8": "there's no guarantee your work\nwill ever save human lives."
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      "utf8": "You could try to quantify this uncertainty\nto help make your decision."
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