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      "utf8": "After waking up alone in a locked room,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "two documents are slipped under your door:"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a note in an alien language and a detailed\ninstruction manual in your language."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The manual explains that for each\nalien character in the note,"
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      "utf8": "you should write an indicated\ncorresponding symbol."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Following this chart, you write a response\nthat you slip out the door."
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      "utf8": "And for the next several days,\nthis exchange continues."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Outside the room,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "alien scientists are thrilled because\nthey believe you’re conversing with them."
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      "utf8": "But you still have no idea\nwhat these characters mean."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This scenario isn’t just\na bizarre misunderstanding—"
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      "utf8": "it’s a valuable thought experiment\nfor understanding artificial intelligence."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Philosopher John Searle developed the\noriginal version of this premise in 1980,"
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      "utf8": "as a response to some of the AI\nwork being done at the time."
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      "utf8": "But while modern AI models don't\nwork like those outdated machines"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "or the prisoner in Searle’s hypothetical,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the question motivating his thought\nexperiment is still relevant."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "To quote Searle, he wanted\nto interrogate whether an"
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      "utf8": "In other words, if a computer\nlooks like it understands something,"
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      "utf8": "does that mean it actually understands\nthe way a human does?"
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      "utf8": "Searle’s question falls into a long\ntradition of exploring whether or not"
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      "utf8": "But answering these inquiries\nis incredibly difficult because,"
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      "utf8": "as philosophers and cognitive scientists\nwill tell you,"
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      "utf8": "we still don’t know how our minds work."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even our fundamental definitions\nare slippery!"
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      "utf8": "Theorists generally agree that concepts\nlike understanding, sentience,"
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      "utf8": "and consciousness are all different,"
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but also that they’re related,\nand we don’t know how."
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      "utf8": "Worse still, our usual scientific tools"
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      "utf8": "struggle to help us understand\nthese experiences."
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      "utf8": "Consider drinking a cup of coffee."
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      "utf8": "Scientists can observe the physical\nprocess of ingesting the coffee,"
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      "utf8": "and we can measure the chemical impacts\nof caffeine on your body."
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  }, {
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      "utf8": "These things are objective realities."
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      "utf8": "a morning routine is more than the sum\nof its parts."
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      "utf8": "This is consciousness—\nyour subjective experience of being alive."
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      "utf8": "researchers still don’t know\nhow various firing neurons"
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      "utf8": "So if we can't define\nconsciousness and understanding"
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      "utf8": "or identify what's\nuniquely human about them,"
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      "utf8": "how can we possibly test\nfor these states in computers?"
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      "utf8": "can't tell they're conversing\nwith a computer,"
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      "utf8": "that computer could be seen\nas having some internal cognition."
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      "utf8": "But this scenario is exactly\nwhat Searle was criticizing!"
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      "utf8": "This computer might just have\nthe appearance of understanding."
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      "utf8": "And just like cognitive scientists\nstruggling to map consciousness"
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      "utf8": "today’s AI researchers know how\nthey trained their creations,"
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      "utf8": "but not how AIs reach\ntheir exact conclusions."
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      "utf8": "There are some ways in which\nmodern machine learning models"
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      "utf8": "are less mysterious\nthan their predecessors."
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      "utf8": "Approaches like neural networks\nand deep learning"
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      "utf8": "Like us, these models excel\nat pattern recognition—"
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      "utf8": "they learn by becoming\nfamiliar with information"
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      "utf8": "arguably approaches\nSearle’s definition of understanding—"
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      "utf8": "but it also reveals a bias\nin his original question."
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      "utf8": "To combat this bias, some theorists\nhave developed a different metric;"
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      "utf8": "specifically, that a fully conscious AI\ncould draw connections"
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      "utf8": "beyond the information in its data set."
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      "utf8": "for information they could only\nacquire from being conscious."
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      "utf8": "This might involve asking\nan AI if it understands dreaming,"
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      "utf8": "or can report having had dreams itself."
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      "utf8": "Can it understand a story\nabout body swapping,"
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      "utf8": "where consciousnesses are shuffled\nbetween physical forms?"
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      "utf8": "the way we understand each other."
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