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  "events": [ {
    "tStartMs": 160,
    "dDurationMs": 2400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "An ant is pretty stupid."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3800,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It doesn't have much of a brain, no will, no plan,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 6520,
    "dDurationMs": 3560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and yet, many ants together are smart."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 10680,
    "dDurationMs": 3040,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "An ant colony can construct complex structures."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 14320,
    "dDurationMs": 7440,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some colonies keep farms of fungi, others take care of cattle. They can wage war or defend themselves."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 22120,
    "dDurationMs": 1920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How is this possible?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 24040,
    "dDurationMs": 4140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How can a bunch of stupid things do smart things together?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 28180,
    "dDurationMs": 2720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This phenomenon is called emergence,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 30900,
    "dDurationMs": 4320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and it's one of the most fascinating and mysterious features of our universe."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 35920,
    "dDurationMs": 7560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In a nutshell, it describes small things forming bigger things that have different properties than the sum of their parts."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Emergence is complexity arising from simplicity, and emergence is everywhere."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[Intro]"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 60900,
    "dDurationMs": 5700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Water has vastly different properties to the molecules that make it up, like the concept of wetness."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 66860,
    "dDurationMs": 4620,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Take wet fabric, If you zoom in far enough, there is no wetness."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There are just molecules sitting in the spaces between the atoms of the cloth."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 76160,
    "dDurationMs": 2560,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Wetness is an emerging property of water."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 78980,
    "dDurationMs": 5620,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Something new only created by a lot of individual interactions between water molecules."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 85200,
    "dDurationMs": 7860,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And this is sort of it. Many things interact under a certain set of rules, creating something above and beyond themselves."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 93640,
    "dDurationMs": 2340,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It turns out that more is different."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This different property is itself a new thing, and that new thing can couple with other new things to repeat the process."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 103680,
    "dDurationMs": 5880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "You can imagine this as layers stacked upon each other every, layer made from more complex parts."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 110040,
    "dDurationMs": 1700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Atoms form molecules."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 111740,
    "dDurationMs": 2000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Molecules form proteins."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 113740,
    "dDurationMs": 1840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Proteins make up cells."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 115580,
    "dDurationMs": 1680,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Cells make up organs."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 117260,
    "dDurationMs": 1960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Organs form individuals."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 119220,
    "dDurationMs": 2180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Individuals form societies."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 122180,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But how can something be more than the sum of its parts?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7860,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How do ants form the sort of cloudy entity that is a colony? By following a ruleset that produces order through chaos."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 134060,
    "dDurationMs": 4000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For example, let's look at how an ant colony distributes jobs."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 138260,
    "dDurationMs": 4820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Let's assume that a colony shall have 25% workers, 25% caretakers,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 143080,
    "dDurationMs": 3540,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "25% soldiers and 25% gatherers."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 146880,
    "dDurationMs": 7880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ants communicate their current job via chemicals. For example, the worker ant constantly secretes chemicals that say: \"I'm a worker\"."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 155280,
    "dDurationMs": 6220,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "When ants meet other ants, they smell each other to gather information, telling each other their job and what they're doing."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 161940,
    "dDurationMs": 2460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Both keep track of who they met in the past."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 164700,
    "dDurationMs": 7280,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Now, imagine an anteater kills most of the gatherers. If this isn't fixed quickly, the colony will starve."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 172400,
    "dDurationMs": 4880,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Many worker ants need to switch jobs, but how do you tell this to thousands of them?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 177860,
    "dDurationMs": 2000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Simple. You don't."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 180320,
    "dDurationMs": 5860,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Our worker ant will still meet and smell other ants, but it will encounter almost no gatherers at all."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 186480,
    "dDurationMs": 6500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It counts too few gatherers, until it reaches a critical point, and then it changes its job."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193440,
    "dDurationMs": 6740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The worker becomes a gatherer. Other ants will do the same, until after a while there are enough gatherers again."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200640,
    "dDurationMs": 2500,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The balance is restored all by itself."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 203580,
    "dDurationMs": 6860,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The actions and interactions of an individual are random. You can't plan which ant will encounter which other ant."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 210440,
    "dDurationMs": 5920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But the simple set of rules is so elegant that a colony's many operations emerge as a consequence."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 8300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "On an even more fundamental level, hundreds of millions of complicated molecules interact to maintain a robust and amazing structure."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 225720,
    "dDurationMs": 4240,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A being with vastly different properties than the sum of its dead parts emerges."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 230340,
    "dDurationMs": 2700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The smallest unit of life: a cell."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 6340,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We still don't have a clear definition of what living things are, we just know they emerge from things that are not alive."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 240920,
    "dDurationMs": 4940,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Cells combine and cooperate. They specialize and respond to one another,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 245860,
    "dDurationMs": 4820,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and over time, we develop into complex organisms with remarkable capacities."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 251180,
    "dDurationMs": 8480,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Your arms and legs and heart are an incredibly complex and complicated system made of trillions of individual stupid things..."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 260040,
    "dDurationMs": 4400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "...and yet we breathe, digest and watch YouTube videos."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 265240,
    "dDurationMs": 2300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "How do your cells know what to do?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 268020,
    "dDurationMs": 2460,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Think of the pacemaker cells in your heart."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 271020,
    "dDurationMs": 6140,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Billions of them need to send out an impulse just at the right moment to collectively create a heartbeat."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 277320,
    "dDurationMs": 6520,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Our cells exchange chemical information with their neighbor cells to see what they're up to, and then decide what to do."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 284120,
    "dDurationMs": 6920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "If it's among a lot of cells that are working on the same task, it will start working on that task as well, and sync up with them."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 291720,
    "dDurationMs": 7840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "There is no master mind giving commands. Just single units communicating with their neighbors, and acting according to the feedback they get."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 300480,
    "dDurationMs": 5740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What about our most important part? What is the thing that asks these kinds of questions?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 307080,
    "dDurationMs": 4700,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is our consciousness then an emergent property of the cells in our brain?"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 312480,
    "dDurationMs": 5060,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This question is too big and important, it deserves a video of its own."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 318140,
    "dDurationMs": 6300,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Some things that emerge are hard to define. You can't touch an ant colony, only its parts."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 324860,
    "dDurationMs": 2780,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It has neither brain nor face, nor body."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3060,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And yet the colony interacts with the world."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 331620,
    "dDurationMs": 5740,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Just like colonies emerge from ants, things emerge from humans, like Nations."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 338300,
    "dDurationMs": 3720,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What actually is a nation, is it its population?"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 342020,
    "dDurationMs": 5180,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Is it its institutions, its symbols like its flag, colours or anthems?"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4640,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The physical things it makes like cities, the territory it occupies?"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2100,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All of these things are fluid."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2120,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Populations change and are replaced."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 358300,
    "dDurationMs": 3980,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Institutions come and go, cities can be constructed and abandoned."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 362740,
    "dDurationMs": 6400,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Borders have changed all the time for most of history, and symbols get replaced by new symbols."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 370060,
    "dDurationMs": 3960,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A nation has no face, no brain, no body."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 374560,
    "dDurationMs": 7000,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Are nations not real, then? Of course they are, just like ant colonies, nations interact with the world."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 382160,
    "dDurationMs": 5760,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "They can change landscapes, wage wars, grow or decline, and they can stop existing."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But they only exist because of a lot of humans interacting with each other."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 393040,
    "dDurationMs": 5260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But not just nations. All the complex structures that surround us emerge from us."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 398840,
    "dDurationMs": 3840,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Even if we don't intend to, we are constantly creating."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 402680,
    "dDurationMs": 5160,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Communities, companies, cities, societies."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 7260,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "All of these things are entities that have fundamentally different properties and abilities than the pretty stupid apes they emerged from."
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2320,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We don't know why any of this happens."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "We just observe it, and it seems to be a fundamental property of our universe."
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    "dDurationMs": 4600,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "It may be the most beautiful and wonderous property of our universe."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "[Outro]"
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