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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In 1937, renowned fashion designer\nElsa Schiaparelli"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "unveiled one of her most famous creations:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 16179,
    "dDurationMs": 2669,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a black stiletto with a pink heel."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What made this seemingly ordinary piece\nso noteworthy"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "was that it was designed\nto sit on top of a woman’s head."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Created in collaboration\nwith Salvador Dalí,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Schiaparelli’s bizarre shoe hat was\ncelebrated as an iconic contribution"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 34447,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to the Surrealist art movement."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4129,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Humans have been fashioning caps\nsince the dawn of civilization."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "A simple bearskin cap from the Bronze Age\nis one of the earliest surviving hats,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3628,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "discovered in the Alps\nalongside Europe’s oldest mummy,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 51380,
    "dDurationMs": 1794,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Ötzi the Iceman."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But we’ve found images\nof hats that are much older:"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2377,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "some believe that\nthe “Venus of Willendorf,”"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 3878,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a Paleolithic figurine\nmade around 30,000 years ago,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 64477,
    "dDurationMs": 3629,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is the earliest known depiction\nof woven headgear."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 68815,
    "dDurationMs": 2085,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hats aren’t just for keeping heads warm;"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 70900,
    "dDurationMs": 3045,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "they can also be used\nto make political statements."
    } ]
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Take the pileus cap, a favorite among\n ancient Romans and Greeks."
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the Roman Republic,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 80493,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "pileus caps were given to previously\nenslaved people as a public sign"
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  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 1084,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "of their freedom"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 4088,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and came to symbolize the ideals\nof personal and political liberty."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 90336,
    "dDurationMs": 1585,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the 18th century,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 91921,
    "dDurationMs": 4004,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "American and French revolutionaries\nseemed to have conflated the pileus"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 96008,
    "dDurationMs": 2670,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "with the very similar-looking\nPhrygian cap,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 98845,
    "dDurationMs": 3545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "embracing the Phrygian\nas an emblem of their cause."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 102557,
    "dDurationMs": 2669,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "This is reflected in renderings\nof Marianne,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 105351,
    "dDurationMs": 4922,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "a personification of the French Republic,\nwho often wears a red Phrygian."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 111065,
    "dDurationMs": 4838,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hats have also been an essential accessory\nfor projecting status and power."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In Western Europe in the 15th century,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 118364,
    "dDurationMs": 4046,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "nothing conveyed royal excess\nquite like the hennin."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Popular among the women\nof the Burgundy Court,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 125621,
    "dDurationMs": 3963,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "these bejeweled headdresses\nwere crafted from expensive silks"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 129667,
    "dDurationMs": 3504,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and included variations\nlike a flat-topped design"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 133171,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and the daring double-coned escoffion."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 136507,
    "dDurationMs": 2920,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Hat height was restricted\naccording to social rank:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 139427,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "while princesses could sport\nmeter-high hennins,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 142430,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "noblewomen were limited\nto much shorter styles."
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    "tStartMs": 145725,
    "dDurationMs": 2043,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "And they weren’t without their critics;"
    } ]
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    "tStartMs": 147768,
    "dDurationMs": 3003,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "hennins were often targeted\nby clerics and moralists"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 150771,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who found their flashy designs impious."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 154525,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Nearly a century later,\nSuleiman the Magnificent,"
    } ]
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    "tStartMs": 157904,
    "dDurationMs": 2711,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the longest-reigning sultan\nof the Ottoman Empire,"
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "became known for his bold\nmilitary campaigns"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 163784,
    "dDurationMs": 2545,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and even more audacious headgear."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 166454,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "His grand bulb-shaped turbans"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 169040,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "were adorned with sparkling sprays\nof diamonds or feathers."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 172585,
    "dDurationMs": 3754,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "His collection also included\na grand four-tiered golden helmet,"
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    "tStartMs": 176505,
    "dDurationMs": 3796,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "though some historians suspect it\nwasn’t actually designed for wearing."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 180551,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Rather, the crown was crafted to flaunt\nhis immense power and wealth"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 184513,
    "dDurationMs": 1335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to his rivals."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 186265,
    "dDurationMs": 3087,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "For other caps, the real story\nlies in their making."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 189393,
    "dDurationMs": 4421,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The sleek British top hat was first\nintroduced in the early 19th century"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 193814,
    "dDurationMs": 2294,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as powdered wigs fell out of fashion."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 196817,
    "dDurationMs": 3254,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Originally crafted from the fur\nof animals like beavers,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 200154,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "hat makers would soak the material\nin vats filled with toxic mercuric nitrate"
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  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "to improve the felts quality and density."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But prolonged exposure to the chemical\nin poorly ventilated spaces"
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    "dDurationMs": 3129,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "led many hatters to develop\nmercury poisoning,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 215836,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "suffering symptoms like irritability,\nslurred speech, memory problems,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 220675,
    "dDurationMs": 1251,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "and tremors."
    } ]
  }, {
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The figure of the Mad Hatter,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 223970,
    "dDurationMs": 3086,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "immortalized in Lewis Carroll’s\n“Alice in Wonderland,”"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 227098,
    "dDurationMs": 3128,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "is a popular reference\nto this devastating plight."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 230601,
    "dDurationMs": 1835,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Thankfully, in the late 1800s,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 232436,
    "dDurationMs": 2962,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "as more people became aware\nof the dangers of mercury,"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 235481,
    "dDurationMs": 2586,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "many countries began to ban its use."
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 238734,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "Over the following century,\ntop hats, bowlers, and bonnets"
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  }, {
    "tStartMs": 242363,
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    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "largely fell out of fashion\nas everyday wear,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 245574,
    "dDurationMs": 3462,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "but one cap proves that hats\nare still big business:"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 249203,
    "dDurationMs": 1335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "the baseball cap."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 250830,
    "dDurationMs": 2836,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "What began as a practical part\nof a baseball uniform"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 253666,
    "dDurationMs": 3795,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "stepped off the field\nand onto the streets in the 1960s."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 257586,
    "dDurationMs": 2795,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "The cap’s cost-effective,\nadjustable design,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 260381,
    "dDurationMs": 3795,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "along with its easy integration of logos,\nbadges, and trademarks,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 264176,
    "dDurationMs": 2378,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "has driven its mass commercialization."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 266846,
    "dDurationMs": 3879,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "In the United States, some estimate\nthat baseball caps alone"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 270725,
    "dDurationMs": 3336,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "make up around 80%\nof the entire hat market."
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 274353,
    "dDurationMs": 1335,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "But as for the future,"
    } ]
  }, {
    "tStartMs": 275730,
    "dDurationMs": 5005,
    "segs": [ {
      "utf8": "who knows what type of hat will capture\nour hearts— and our heads— next."
    } ]
  } ]
}